剑桥中级英语语法 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

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雷蒙德·墨菲(Raymond Murphy)，英语语法专家，著有《剑桥初级英语语法》《剑桥中级英语语法》等多部英语语法学习书。

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e.g.

everyone enjoyed the party.

he is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.

it doesn't matter whether you use MAY or MIGHT, but we use only MIGHT when the situation is not real!

e.g. If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner.

Unit 10.Present perfect continuous and simple(I have been doing and I have been done.)

Present perfect continuous:We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not.

Present perfect simple: The important thing is that something has been finished.

Examples:

My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.

We use the continuous to ask or say how long(for an activity that is still happening):

How long have you been reading that book?

We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times(completed actions):

How many pages of that book have you read?

*There are some verbs(for example, know/like/believe)that are normally not used in the continuous.

Unit 11 How long have you(been)...?

A.Compare the present and the present perfect:

*Amy is in hospital.

But she has been in hospital since Monday.(not "Amy is in hospital since Monday.")

*We know each other very well.

but We have known each other for a long time.

B.I have been doing something(present perfect continuous)=I started doing sth. in the past and I am still doing it(or have just stopped):

*I've been learning English for a long time.

*Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

C.I have done(simple) or I have been doing (continuous)

The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for.

You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work:

How long have you been working/have you worked here?

but we use the simple with always:

* John has always lived in Lo...

Unit 12. When...? and How long...? For and since

A.Compare When...?(+past simple) and How long...?(+present perfect):

--When di it start raining?

--It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock

--How long has it been raining?

--It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock.

B.We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.

We use for when we say a period of time(two hours,six weeks etc.):

*I've been waiting for two hours.

two hours ago-> now

We use since when we say the start of a period(8 o'clock,Monday,1988 etc.):

*I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.

8 o'clock->now

*They haven't had a holiday for ten years.(you must use for)

We do not use for + all...(all day/all my lift etc.):

*I've lived here all my life.

C.We say It's(a long time/two years e...

Unit 13 Present perfect and past(1)(I have done and I did)

A.Tom is looking for his key.He can't find it.

He has lost his key.

This means that he doesn't have his key now.

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

Has he lost his key?

No,he hasn't.He has found it.

Did he lose his key?

Yes, he did.

He lost his key(past simple)

but now he has found it.(present perfect.)

The present perfect is a present tense.It always tells us something about now. Tom has lost his key=he doesn't have his key now.

The past simple tells us only about the past.If somebody says "Tom lost his key", we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.

B.Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present(for example, things t...

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• 作者：thezxz 发布时间：2018-03-05 18:33:41

  拿来查一些常用语法还是挺好用的

• 作者：老糖酸菜牛肉面 发布时间：2021-06-06 11:25:23

  全是废话。。

• 作者：António 发布时间：2023-12-29 19:53:20

  课余时间刷完，感觉读英文论文都快了很多。

• 作者：S 发布时间：2023-09-19 13:42:04

  这套非常棒！

• 作者：粟阿姨 发布时间：2021-10-28 12:20:25

  断断续续学完了，非常有用的一本书。按一天一课的节奏学完一本书，并且按书里要求做练习和查字典的话，应该可以达到出国不求人的水平。最好结合剑桥中级英语词汇一起。

• 作者：Palestar. 发布时间：2023-01-10 20:25:52

  拿来晚上学习的

• 非常好的语法书

  作者：o-o 发布时间：2014-04-30 18:02:14

  粗略的过了一遍，觉得非常好的书。

  有许多没有注意到的小细节和长时间困扰我的都写的很清楚，就在这记一下吧：

  比如当have做’possess’意时，是不能使用is having/ are having

  所以只能说 I have/ I’ve got a headache.

  I am having dinner. 则可.

  always 我们一般就跟“现在完成时”而不能用在“现在完成进行时”，如：

  John has always lived in London. (not ‘has always been living’)

  昨天才写了了一个类似的句子

  看来要改成: I have continuous been asking myself …. 或者 I have always asked myself …..

  虽然“一般现在时/现在进行时”可表将来，但是更多是计划好的将来动作

  be going to 也是计划的.

  而 will/shall 表将来很可能是再说话的那一刻决定要做的事情.

  have something done是请别人帮忙完成事情

  Negative questions (isn’t it…?/ didn’t you…..?)

  用来表疑惑：

  Didn’t you hell the bell? I rang it four times.

  求同意:

  Haven’t we met somewhere before? Yes, I think we have.

  Isn’t it a beautiful day! (It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?)

  注意Yes 和 No

  Don’t you want to go to the party? → Yes.(Yes, I want to go.)

                                          → No.(No, I don’t want to go.)

  可见这里的Yes 和 No是始终把问句当成肯定句来回答的。不管否定。

  无论是之前的 we have met before 或者是之后的 I want to go the party.

  Question tags

  positibe sentence + negative tag

  negative sentence + positive tag

  You are not going out today, are you? → Yes.(=Yes, I am going out.)

                                                → No.(=No, I am not going out.)

  Karen plays the piano, doesn’t she? → Yes.(=Yes, she plays.)

                                                → No.(=No, she doesn’t play piano.)

  依旧和之前的didn’t you…? 和 isn’t it …? 一样，Yes或者No回答的都是 sentence 的肯定.

  isn’t it? doesn’t she?降调↓仅仅表示求同意

  It’s a nice day, isn’t it? → Yes, lovely.

  Tim doesn’t look well today, does he? →No, he looks very tired.

  升调才是真正的疑问↑

  You haven’t seen Mary today, have you? →No, I’m afraid not.

  negative sentence + positive tag来询问信息或者请求某人做某事.所以也要升调↑

  You couldn’t do me a favour, could you? →It depends.

• 这本书的副标题可以是“例句语法辨析”

  作者：Surreal 发布时间：2021-06-02 09:12:13

  

  这套书将我们读课文时没有注意到的小细节和长时间困扰我们的问题都写的很清楚。例如，have something done是请别人帮忙完成事情（新概念3第2课）或表示意外或不幸（口语表达中自我惋惜的调调）。

  以前上学时写英语作文时，几乎没写过短句，但因为只写议论文，时态全部用一般现在时，从句也只不过增加了连接词或调整语序，不容易犯语法错误，也不涉及细微表达间的区别。但在口语中使用从句则不同，大量涉及时态和虚拟语气（翻译软件最容易将其翻译成与实际表达意思相反的含义），尤其需要表达细微区别（夸张、幽默、抱怨、惋惜、谦虚等语气）时，所以这套书很适合迫切需要系统地复习语法的人。

  在工作中，说到专业相关话题时，也只涉及一般现在时。但闲聊时，讲到文化历史、心理感受时，则“直截了当”的表达较少，委婉试探的细腻表达居多，此时大量涉及语法。如果语法基础不扎实，不仅在对话中因犹豫或纠错影响语速，也给交流带来许多尴尬或误会。最近在学阿卡索版的新概念3，以前读高中时只是用背诵课文的方法学习各类从句、固定搭配，但没有把语言表达间的细微差别揉碎了分析，这次学习时在选择题选项的引导下，才意识到其他语法知识点所在。

  例如（Unit 35）：had better 和 should 哪个语气更委婉？——若你在国内网站上查，一般回答都是had better ——然而事实恰恰相反，had better 绝对不能用于长辈或上级，很不礼貌。

  又如（Unit 59）：would rather sb did用过去时表示希望某人现在/将会做某事（暗含事实相反）。

  中学时期学习语法一直没有借助工具书（不知所以然地盲目做题），大学以后没有继续学习语法，复习时借助的是高中时的新概念3（唯一一本留在手边的英语书）上记的笔记。然而笔记不易查询，不够系统，东一榔头西一棒槌，深一脚浅一脚，例句也不够，且只能原地踏步无法精进，更无法查漏补缺。最近孩子到了学语法的阶段，正好需要这套由浅入深的语法工具书，初（小学）中（初中）高（高中）三册，很好地体现了同一知识点在不同学习阶段需要掌握的不同层次。