义务教育化学课程标准 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

化学是研究物质的组成、结构、性质、转化及应用的一门基础学科，其特征是从分子层次认识物质，通过化学变化创造物质。化学是自然科学的重要组成部分，与物理学共同构成物质科学的基础，是材料科学、生命科学、环境科学、能源科学、信息科学和航空航天工程等现代科学技术的重要基础。化学是推动人类社会可持续发展的重要力量，在应对能源危机、环境污染、突发公共卫生事件等人类面临的重大挑战中发挥着不可替代的作用。

义务教育化学课程作为一门自然科学课程，具有基础性和实践性，对落实立德树人根本任务、促进学生德智体美劳全面发展具有重要价值。义务教育化学课程有利于激发学生对物质世界的好奇心，形成物质及其变化等基本化学观念，发展科学思维、创新精神与实践能力，养成科学态度和社会责任，为学生的终身发展奠定基础。

前言／1

一、课程性质／1

二、课程理念／2

三、课程目标／5

（一）核心素养内涵／5

（二）目标要求／7

四、课程内容／10

（一）科学探究与化学实验／12

（二）物质的性质与应用／18

（三）物质的组成与结构／23

（四）物质的化学变化／26

（五）化学与社会·跨学科实践／31

五、学业质量／37

（一）学业质量内涵／37

（二）学业质量描述／37

六、课程实施／40

（一）教学建议／40

（二）评价建议／45

（三）教材编写建议／50

（四）课程资源开发与利用／53

（五）教师培训与教学研究／55

附录／59

附录1 跨学科实践活动案例／59

附录2 教学案例／67

附录3 评价案例／73

附录4 学生必做实验与跨学科实践活动／80

中华人民共和国教育部是国务院主管教育事业和语言文字工作的国务院组成部门，成立于1949年10月。截至2017年7月，教育部设有19个内设司、局，“中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会秘书处”也设在其中。另外，教育部还直接管理15个教育类社会团体和组织。

主要职责为：

（一）拟订教育改革与发展的方针、政策和规划，起草有关法律法规草案并监督实施。

（二）负责各级各类教育的统筹规划和协调管理，会同有关部门制订各级各类学校的设置标准，指导各级各类学校的教育教学改革，负责教育基本信息的统计、分析和发布。

（三）负责推进义务教育均衡发展和促进教育公平，负责义务教育的宏观指导与协调，指导普通高中教育、幼儿教育和特殊教育工作。制定基础教育教学基本要求和教学基本文件，组织审定基础教育国家课程教材，全面实施素质教育。

（四）指导全国的教育督导工作，负责组织和指导对中等及中等以下教育、扫除青壮年文盲工作的督导检查和评估验收工作，指导基础教育发展水平、质量的监测工作。

（五）指导以就业为导向的职业教育的发展与改革，制订中等职业教育专业目录、教学指导文件和教学评估标准，指导中等职业教育教材建设和职业指导工作。

（六）指导高等教育发展与改革，承担深化直属高校管理体制改革的责任。制定高等教育学科专业目录和教学指导文件，会同有关部门审核高等学校设置、更名、撤销与调整，负责“211工程”和“985工程”的实施和协调工作，统筹指导各类高等教育和继续教育，指导改进高等教育评估工作。

（七）负责本部门教育经费的统筹管理，参与拟订教育经费筹措、教育拨款、教育基建投资的政策，负责统计全国教育经费投入情况。

（八）统筹和指导少数民族教育工作，协调对少数民族和少数民族地区的教育援助。

（九）指导各级各类学校的思想政治工作、德育工作、体育卫生与艺术教育工作及国防教育工作，指导高等学校的党建和稳定工作。

（十）主管全国的教师工作，会同有关部门制订各级各类教师资格标准并指导实施，指导教育系统人才队伍建设。

（十一）负责各类高等学历教育招生考试和学籍学历管理工作，会同有关部门制订高等教育招生计划，参与拟订普通高等学校毕业生就业政策，指导普通高等学校开展大学生就业创业工作。

（十二）规划、指导高等学校的自然科学和哲学、社会科学研究，协调、指导高等学校参与国家创新体系建设和承担国家科技重大专项等各类科技计划的实施工作，指导高等学校科技创新平台的发展建设，指导教育信息化和产学研结合等工作。

（十三）组织指导教育方面的国际交流与合作，制定出国留学、来华留学、中外合作办学和外籍人员子女学校管理工作的政策，规划、协调、指导汉语国际推广工作，开展与港澳台的教育合作与交流。

（十四）拟订国家语言文字工作的方针、政策，制订语言文字工作中长期规划，制订汉语和少数民族语言文字规范和标准并组织协调监督检查，指导推广普通话工作和普通话师资培训工作。

（十五）负责全国学位授予工作，实施国家的学位制度，负责国际间学位对等、学位互认等工作。

（十六）负责协调我国有关部门开展与联合国教科文组织在教育、科技、文化等领域国际合作，负责与联合国教科文组织秘书处及相关机构、组织的联络工作。

（十七）承办国务院交办的其他事项。

暂无出版社相关信息，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关书籍摘录，正在全力查找中！

在线阅读地址：义务教育化学课程标准在线阅读

在线听书地址：义务教育化学课程标准在线收听

在线购买地址：义务教育化学课程标准在线购买

暂无原文赏析，正在全力查找中！

书籍介绍

化学是研究物质的组成、结构、性质、转化及应用的一门基础学科，其特征是从分子层次认识物质，通过化学变化创造物质。化学是自然科学的重要组成部分，与物理学共同构成物质科学的基础，是材料科学、生命科学、环境科学、能源科学、信息科学和航空航天工程等现代科学技术的重要基础。化学是推动人类社会可持续发展的重要力量，在应对能源危机、环境污染、突发公共卫生事件等人类面临的重大挑战中发挥着不可替代的作用。

义务教育化学课程作为一门自然科学课程，具有基础性和实践性，对落实立德树人根本任务、促进学生德智体美劳全面发展具有重要价值。义务教育化学课程有利于激发学生对物质世界的好奇心，形成物质及其变化等基本化学观念，发展科学思维、创新精神与实践能力，养成科学态度和社会责任，为学生的终身发展奠定基础。

• 作者：七月 发布时间：2021-04-24 13:34:15

  这么一般的故事，一年不到就七印了……

• 作者：--- 发布时间：2013-05-27 10:37:41

  这本书里所谓的艺术基本都是讲绘画之类的，所以书名叫艺术与人生委实有点过大。不过丰子恺先生确实是个有趣的人，30年代写的东西在今天看来还是非常受用。

• 作者：麦三 发布时间：2011-02-22 15:15:59

  文笔不似那些编译的生僻而生涩，很具有可读性；

  对于酒店业理解，对于资本运作，对于企业管理，对于企业文化，对于品牌运作，其实都可以在本书中得到借鉴。

  力荐。再回头看如家和汉庭的创业家谢奇的那本狗屁不通的书，这就是差距所在。一个没有思想的人是永远做不出伟大的事业的。

• 作者：失眠世纪 发布时间：2019-03-02 21:00:20

  童年时的读本 情节扣人心弦 即使放在今天依然是经典 为凡尔纳打五星

• 作者：曾听昕雨 发布时间：2011-01-16 22:41:30

  打破惯性思维，很好的书

• 作者：eva 发布时间：2013-04-21 18:25:07

  间断的看了，没看完，感觉还是蛮实用的，可惜平时懒得分析这些，如果带入习惯中会很有用吧，还不错，也是其他人推荐我看

• 做人做事的普遍原则

  作者：Hammer_ 发布时间：2012-02-03 18:21:57

  Before we commence reading How To Win Friends And Influence People, we should first realize that this book had been written to be used to as textbook for the author's course in Effective speaking and Human relationship and it still used for today.

  So please not categorize this book as Self-help or Motivational book which often be degraded by those who unceasingly declaim how badly they hate this sort of things.

  Dealing with people is probably the biggest problem we face, especially if you are in business. Those principles can apply to all walks of people.

  If you wish to get the most out of this book, there is one indispensable requirement, one essential infinitely more important than any rule or technique. Unless you have this one fundamental requisite, a thousand rules on how to study will avail little.

  What is this magic requirement? Just this: a deep, driving desire to learn, a vigorous determination to increase your ability to deal with people.

  Once you believe,that works.

  “Education,” said the author “is the ability to meet life’s situations,”

  If by the time you have finished reading the first three chapters of this book- if you aren’t then a little better equipped to meet life’s situations, then I shall consider this book to be a total failure so far as you are concerned. For “the great aim of education,” said the author, “is not knowledge but action.”

  And this is an action book :)

  ----------------------------------

  readingnote:

  第一大章：怎样赢得朋友

  原则一：永远不要去批评别人

  很精辟，我们应该转换方式，让他们自己发现，或者用一种温和，婉转的方式，反之就算是中肯的批评也是有害无利

  1.ninety-nine times out of a hundred, people don’t criticize themselves for anything, no matter how wrong it may be.

  2.Criticism is futile because it puts a person on the defensive and usually makes him strive to justify himself. Criticism is dangerous, because it wounds a person’s precious pride, hurts his sense of importance, and arouses resentment

    

  3.Let’s realize that the person we are going to correct and condemn will probably justify himself or herself, and condemn us in return or, like the gentle Taft, will say: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.

  4.每当我们想要批评别人的时候，想想这句话：“I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have”Judge not, that ye be not judged

  5.最真诚的忠告------勿责人，常思已过：Do you know someone you would like to change and regulate and improve? Good! That is fine. I am all in favor of it, But why not begin on yourself? From a purely selfish standpoint, that is a lot more profitable than trying to improve others - yes, and a lot less dangerous. “Don’t complain about the snow on your neighbor’s roof,” said Confucius, “when your own doorstep is unclean.”

  6.每个人都是感性的动物：When dealing with people, let us remember we are not dealing with creatures of logic. We are dealing with creatures of emotion, creatures bristling with prejudices and motivated by pride and vanity.

  7.我们应该做的：Instead of condemning people, let’s try to understand them. Let’s try to figure out why they do what they do. That’s a lot more profitable and intriguing than criticism and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness. “To know all is to forgive all.”

  ------------------------------

  原则二 如何与人打交道---Give honest and sincere appreciation

  1、（有道理！）There is only one way under high heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it. Remember, there is no other way.

  2.每个人都得到赞扬啊：The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals

  3. 赞扬和奉承的区别：The difference between appreciation and flattery? That is simple. One is sincere and the other insincere. One comes from the heart out,the other from the teeth out. One is unselfish,the other selfish. One is universally admired, the other universally condemned.

  4.多点发自内心的感激，别吝啬对我们爱的人的赞扬：When we are not engaged in thinking about some definite problem, we usually spend about 95 percent of our time thinking about ourselves. Now, if we stop thinking about ourselves for a while and begin to think of the other person’s good points, we won’t have to resort to flattery so cheap and false that it can be spotted almost before it is out of the mouth

  5. 真的是这样呢：Let’s cease thinking of our accomplishments, our wants. Let’s try to figure out the other person’s good points. Then forget flattery. Give honest, sincere appreciation. Be “hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise,” and people will cherish your words and treasure them and repeat them over a lifetime -repeat them years after you have forgotten them

  ------------------------------------------

  原则三. 去谈论人家感兴趣的事----Arouse in the other person an eager want

  1.少谈自己，谈大家的兴趣和利益所在：So the only way cm earth to influence other people is to talk about what they want and show them how to get it. Remember that tomorrow when you are trying to get somebody to do something. If, for example, you don’t want your children to smoke, don’t preach at them, and don’t talk about what you want? but show them that cigarettes may keep them from making the basketball team or winning the hundred-yard dash.（销售的人应该学学，学会从他人的角度看问题）

  2.If out of reading this book you get just one thing- an increased tendency to think always in terms of other people’s point of view, and see things from their angle - if you get that one thing out of this book, it may easily prove to be one of the building blocks of your career.

  3、我们的目的不是为了操纵人，而是实现双赢：Looking at the other person’s point of view and arousing in him an eager want for something is not to be construed as manipulating that person so that he will do something that is only for your benefit and his detriment

  ----------------------------------

  第二大章：怎样让人喜欢你

  原则一：Become genuinely interested in other people--对他人感兴趣

  1.If we want to make friends, let’s put ourselves out to do things for other people -things that require time, energy, unselfishness and thoughtfulness

  2.If we want to make friends, let’s greet people with animation and enthusiasm. When somebody calls you on the telephone use the same psychology

  -------------------

  原则二：经常微笑

  1.Actions speak louder than words, and a smile says, “I like you, You make me happy. I am glad to see you.”That is why dogs make such a hit. They are so glad to see us that they almost jump out of their skins. So, naturally, we are glad to see them. A baby’s smile has the same effect

  2.A man without a smiling face must not open a shop.”Your smile is a messenger of your good will. Your smile brightens the lives of all who see it. To someone who has seen a dozen people frown, scowl or turn their faces away, your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. Especially when that someone is under pressure from his bosses, his customers, his teachers or parents or children, a smile can help him realize that all is not hopeless -that there is joy in the world.

  --------------------------------

  原则三：记住别人的名字

  Remember that a person’s name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language

  ----------------------

  原则四： 做一个好的听众，让别人去谈论自己（Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves）

  So if you aspire to be a good conversationalist, be an attentive listener. To be interesting, be interested. Ask questions that other persons will enjoy answering. Encourage them to talk about themselves and their accomplishments.

  Remember that the people you are talking to are a hundred times more interested in themselves and their wants and problems than they are in you and your problems. A person’s toothache means more to that person than a famine in China which kills a million people. A boil on one’s neck interests one more than forty earthquakes in Africa. Think of that the next time you start a conversation

  ---------------------

  原则五：谈别人感兴趣的事（Talk in terms of the other person’s interests. ）

  -----------------------

  原则六：承认对方的优点和对自己的重要性（Make the other person feel important-and do it sincerely）

  The unvarnished truth is that almost all the people you meet feel themselves superior to you in some way, and a sure way to their hearts is to let them realize in some subtle way that you recognize their importance, and recognize it sincerely. Remember what Emerson said: “Every man I meet is my superior in some way. In that, I learn of him.

  -------------------------------

  第三大章：How to Win People to Your Way of Thinking

  原则一：避免和人辩论，因为你永远不会赢---这个，偶觉得还是方式的问题，不过还是尽量避免好了，因为没啥意义啊！：）The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it

  You can’t win an argument. You can’t because if you lose it, you lose it,and if you win it, you lose it. Why?Well, suppose you triumph over the other man and shoot This argument full of holes and prove that he is non compos mentis.Then what? You will feel fine. But what about him? You have made him feel inferior. You have hurt his pride. He will resent your triumph. And A man convinced against his will Is of the same opinion still

  If you argue and rankle and contradict, you may achieve a victory sometimes, but it will be an empty victory because you will never get your opponent’s good wil

  -----------------

  独立一段，关于怎样应对argument的建议：

  一 不同的见解是有益的：Welcome the disagreement. Remember the slogan, “When two partners always agree, one of them is not necessary.” If there is some point you haven’t thought about, be thankful if it is brought to your attention. Perhaps this disagreement is your opportunity to be corrected before you make a serious mistake.

  二：(别相信你的第一直觉印象--适用于异见）Distrust your first instinctive impression. Our first natural reaction in a disagreeable situation is to be defensive. Be careful. Keep calm and watch out for your first reaction. It may be you at your worst, not your best

  三（控制你的脾气）Control your temper. Remember, you can measure the size of a person by what makes him or her angry. Listen first. Give your opponents a chance to talk. Let them finish. Do not resist, defend or debate. This only raises barriers. Try to build bridges of understanding. Don’t build higher barriers of misunderstanding.

  四：求同存异：Look for areas of agreement. When you have heard your opponents out, dwell first on the points and areas on which

  you agree.

  五：诚实： Be honest, Look for areas where you can admit error and say so. Apologize for your mistakes. It will help disarm your

  opponents and reduce defensiveness.

  六：Promise to think over your opponents’ ideas and study them carefully. And mean it. Your opponents may be right. It is a lot easier at this stage to agree to think about their points than to move rapidly ahead and find yourself in a position where your opponents can say: “We tried to tell you, but you wouldn’t listen.”

  七：感谢你的对手：Thank your opponents sincerely for their interest. Anyone who takes the time to disagree with you is interested in the same things you are. Think of them as people who really want to help you, and you may turn your opponents into friends.

  八：给点时间给对方（很重要，很多时候回头看，会觉得当时狠傻，没必要为这问题吵，也从另一方面得出，和人去争论什么，真的没啥意义）Postpone action to give both sides time to think through the problem

  ---------------------------

  原则二：别告诉别人自己比他们要高明

  这段狠有哲理，别证明自己比其他人聪明，就算知道，也别告诉他

  That is a challenge. It arouses opposition and makes the listener want to battle with you before you even start. It is difficult, under even the most benign conditions, to change people’s minds. So why make it harder? Why handicap yourself? If you are going to prove anything, don’t let anybody know it. Do it so subtly, so adroitly, that no one will feel that you are doing it.

  This was expressed succinctly by Alexander Pope: Men must be taught as if you taught them not And things unknown proposed as things forgot.

  Over three hundred years ago Galileo said: You cannot teach a man anything? you can only help him to find it within himself.

  As Lord Chesterfield said to his son: Be wiser than other people if you can? but do not tell them so.

  （勇于承认错误是最对的）You will never get into trouble by admitting that you may be wrong. That will stop all argument and inspire your opponent to be just as fair and open and broad-minded as you are. It will make him want to admit that he, too, may be wrong

  ------------

  原则三：勇于认错

  When we are right, let’s try to win people gently and tactfully to our way of thinking, and when we are wrong and that will be surprisingly often, if we are honest with ourselves - let’s admit our mistakes quickly and with enthusiasm. Not only will that technique produce astonishing results? but, believe it or not, it is a lot more

  fun, under the circumstances, than trying to defend oneself.

  Remember the old proverb: "By fighting you never get enough, but by yielding you get more than you expected.”

  ----------------

  原则四：以友好的方式开始 Begin in a friendly way.

  --------------

  原则五： Get the other person saying “yes, yes”

  ------------------------

  原则六：Let the other person do a great deal of the talking.

  （这里和上面有点重复了，其实这里有很多原则是共通的）

  ----------------

  原则七：Let the other person feel that the idea is his or hers

  卡内基是个中国通，他引用了好多中国古代的谚语和道德经的东西：

  " The reason why rivers and seas receive the homage of a hundred mountain streams is that they keep below them. Thus they are able to reign over all the mountain streams. So the sage, wishing to be above men, put himself below them, wishing to be before them, he put himself behind them. Thus, though his place be above men, they do not feel his weight,though his place be before them, they do not count it an injury.”

  海纳百川，有容乃大

  ------------------------------

  如果仅仅把这书当做是快餐书，励志书，成功学，

  真的很可惜，

  这书流传这么久真有它的道理，一些自以为是的“读书人”可能不屑看这类书，替他们遗憾。

  一本值得反复看的经典之作，最重要是去实践上述的原则，

  要记住：“This is an action book.”

  2012.2.3

  By Hammer

• 如何阅读营销“砖著”

  作者：荣振环 发布时间：2013-09-25 20:26:27

  如何阅读营销“砖著”

  很多从事营销的朋友经常问我这本书怎么读，太厚了。比砖头还厚，简直就是“砖著”。

  我给的建议是这本书不用读，用翻即可。即遇到相应困惑时顺着目录翻一翻，找一找相关概念、资讯、工具和案例即可。

  否则，尽管你花费大把时间通读此书，相信你不出半个月就彻底忘光本书的核心内容以及要点。

  因为本书内容太多，用大块时间一次性阅读是不太合适的。

  我多年前就阅读过此书，那时书是公司藏书，后来到12版时索性自己买了一本。

  基本上就是目录查找式翻阅。

  因为我做咨询行业，客户问题多，层面多元，有些客户又特别在乎方法论，所以，本书在营销咨询或品牌咨询时，偶尔还会翻看几眼，尽管不一定用得上，目的是启发自己的想法和创意。

  我做品牌咨询项目比较多，包括经常给企业做品牌培训，所以时常拿第四篇建设强势品牌来进行实战比较和检验。

  我觉得，科特勒的书只能告诉你相关概念，看后你仍然不知道如何下手。

  正像我的很多客户，做营销的或做品牌的，身边都有此书护法，但是他们却从本书中找不到具体答案。

  为此，我特意将我们给企业提供品牌咨询时的方法和工具以及实施步骤写成一本书，《品牌建设10步通达》，手把手告知企业如何制定品牌愿景、梳理品牌架构、做品牌定位、设计品牌口号、提炼品牌故事、规划品牌形象，制定品牌传播策略等等。

  按照企业实际开展相关工作的套路，结合翻阅式阅读给你的激发，我觉得能更好地指导你应用本书。

  换言之，你得知道怎么做营销或做品牌，然后从本书汲取点营养，那阅读本书的最佳方式绝对不是一次性通读，而是翻阅式搜读。

  比如，在塑造品牌定位章节中，科特勒提出差异化战略，他提到了四个方面，产品差异化、人员差异化、渠道差异化、形象差异化。我的理解，四个差异化支持一个与众不同的定位，才能让你的定位深入人心。即，你的产品有何特色，如何放大你的品牌特性；你的人员如何能够展现企业独有的风格，并有助于品牌定位的巩固，渠道又如何能够凸显与品牌相称的气质，形象又如何能够展露你品牌的优势，比如华为的企业总部，非常的大气，拉着亚非拉的客户一来参观，就产生一个效果，把客户震撼，把合同给我。

  在超越客户期望这块，我经常采用的步骤和科特勒一致，第一步，界定客户价值模型，列出价值要素；第二步：建立顾客价值等级，基本、期望、欲望和出乎意料；基本就是一般满足，期望就是意料之中的满意；欲望是可预见环节都营造喜悦氛围；出乎意料就是额外增值服务深入人心，海底捞最擅长在这个等级，所以人家服务成为典范。

  这也是我在翻阅式阅读中吸收到的内容，也给我在实际工作中一起启示。

  总之，对于一些大块头的图书，我相信，很难用一个中心思想来总结提炼，作者涉及的面也比较广，读者不妨采用我提到的这种方式，不要企图一次吃个胖子或者把整个海洋煮沸。

  用一句话讲：眼睛只能看见心愿意理解的事情。所以，不要纠结本书不好读，你完全可以换一个方式来读。

  PS：关于对品牌建设有困惑摸不着头绪的读者，不妨参考《品牌建设十步通达》。