土耳其民族国家建设和库尔德问题的演进 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

本书从民族国家建构的视角，以库尔德问题为主线，采用历史学、民族学和国际关系学的研究方法，探讨了库尔德问题与土耳其内政外交的彼此作用和影响，在此基础上分析民族与民族国家建构的一些基础性问题，如民族与国家边界、民族认同与国家认同、民族主义与国家主义、民主化与民族主义等，深化了学术界关于这些问题的思考。

绪　言／1

第一节　库尔德人、库尔德斯坦和库尔德问题／4

第二节　土耳其库尔德问题的发展阶段／15

第三节　土耳其库尔德问题的影响／20

第四节　基本结构和研究方法／25

第一编　民族国家建设及库尔德问题研究述评

第一章　民族国家建设的学术史述评／35

第一节　民族与民族主义／37

第二节　民族与国家／44

第三节　民族与国家建设／50

第四节　民族冲突产生的原因／55

第二章　库尔德学的发展进程／61

第一节　第一代库尔德学／62

第二节　库尔德研究的间歇期／71

第三节　第二代库尔德学／75

第四节　第三代库尔德学／79

第五节　库尔德学发展的特点和趋势／84

第三章　土耳其库尔德问题研究述评／87

第一节　土耳其库尔德问题研究中的若干争议／87

第二节　库尔德问题演进不同阶段中学界关注的焦点／97

第三节　外部因素对土耳其库尔德问题的影响／110

第二编　库尔德人部落结构和现代库尔德问题的起源

第四章　库尔德人的部落结构与奥斯曼帝国的管控／119

第一节　库尔德部落社会／120

第二节　奥斯曼帝国16～18世纪对库尔德社会的管控／128

第三节　奥斯曼帝国19～20世纪初对库尔德社会的管控／135

第四节　部落与国家的关系：基于奥斯曼帝国与库尔德部落／144

第五章　现代库尔德问题在一战前后的源起／151

第一节　奥斯曼帝国的衰落与列强对库尔德斯坦的争夺／152

第二节　北库尔德斯坦：从《色佛尔条约》到《洛桑条约》／155

第三节　南库尔德斯坦：伊拉克建国和摩苏尔归属问题尘埃落定／160

第三编　土耳其民族国家构建与库尔德人的反叛

第六章　土耳其民族国家构建与库尔德问题／171

第一节　土耳其建国的条件和方略／171

第二节　土耳其民族国家构建的具体步骤／177

第三节　土耳其民族国家构建对库尔德人的影响／182

第七章　土耳其民族国家构建与库尔德问题的爆发：1925年谢赫塞义德叛乱／191

第一节　谢赫塞义德叛乱的原因和过程／192

第二节　谢赫塞义德叛乱的影响／200

第三节　谢赫塞义德叛乱的性质辨析／209

第八章　土耳其民族国家构建与库尔德人的挑战：1937～1938年德西姆叛乱／223

第一节　德西姆叛乱的原因／224

第二节　德西姆叛乱的过程／231

第三节　德西姆叛乱的影响／234

第四编　民主化与库尔德问题

第九章　库尔德民族运动的蛰伏期（1938年～20世纪60年代）／241

第一节　库尔德斯坦的现代改造／241

第二节　外部因素与库尔德族裔意识的发酵／248

第十章　土耳其民主化进程与库尔德问题（1950～1980年）／253

第一节　民主化与库尔德族裔意识的强化／253

第二节　民主化与库尔德工人党的出现／260

第三节　民主化与族裔问题的讨论／265

第十一章　库尔德工人党对土耳其构成的挑战／269

第一节　库尔德工人党的性质和生存策略／270

第二节　库尔德工人党20世纪80年代的恐怖袭击和社会动员／277

第三节　土耳其对库尔德工人党问题的应对／282

第四节　库尔德工人党20世纪90年代的动向／287

第五节　21世纪以来库尔德工人党的新动向／294

第十二章　库尔德问题的民主解决方案／303

第一节　“奥斯陆进程”与库尔德问题的管控／304

第二节　“伊姆拉勒和平进程”与库尔德问题的管控／309

第五编　土耳其外交与库尔德问题

第十三章　海湾战争与库尔德问题／321

第一节　土耳其中东外交的传统／322

第二节　库尔德问题对土耳其外交的影响／327

第三节　海湾战争与土耳其外交选择／329

第四节　海湾战争对土耳其的影响／334

第十四章　伊拉克战争与库尔德问题／345

第一节　土耳其对伊拉克战争的决策／345

第二节　伊拉克战争对土耳其的影响／349

第十五章　库尔德困境与土耳其对叙利亚政策（20世纪90年代～2012年）／357

第一节　土耳其与叙利亚关系的历史渊源／357

第二节　库尔德问题对土耳其与叙利亚关系的影响：2003～2012年／362

第三节　土耳其应对叙利亚库尔德困境的前景／366

第十六章　库尔德问题对土耳其欧盟关系的影响／370

第一节　欧盟镜像中的库尔德问题／371

第二节　土耳其对欧盟标准的适应／384

第六编　库尔德问题的新动态与土耳其民族国家建设

第十七章　伊拉克库尔德人建国问题的前景及影响／395

第一节　伊拉克库尔德人建国的现实性／396

第二节　库尔德人建国面临的挑战／400

第三节　库尔德人建国的影响／405

第十八章　库尔德问题对土耳其的新挑战（2013～2015年）／409

第一节　库尔德问题对土耳其的新挑战／410

第二节　库尔德问题的结构性成因和表现／417

结　语

土耳其库尔德问题的思考及启示／431

第一节　土耳其民族国家建设中的库尔德问题／431

第二节　库尔德问题的解决之道／434

第三节　中国政府的应对／439

第四节　库尔德问题的启示／441

中文参考文献／450

英文参考文献／454

附　录　库尔德工人党发展演变大事表／505

后　记／508

李秉忠，历史学博士，陕西师范大学历史文化学院副院长，副教授，陕西师范大学土耳其研究中心主任。

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书籍介绍

本书从民族国家建构的视角，以库尔德问题为主线，采用历史学、民族学和国际关系学的研究方法，探讨了库尔德问题与土耳其内政外交的彼此作用和影响，在此基础上分析民族与民族国家建构的一些基础性问题，如民族与国家边界、民族认同与国家认同、民族主义与国家主义、民主化与民族主义等，深化了学术界关于这些问题的思考。

• 作者：benben 发布时间：2022-05-10 21:03:18

  这本真的是超级好玩儿，坏蛋爱出题，探长擅长解题，而且这些题目丰富多样，但只要设对x都解得出来；有的题目不光有方程式做法，还有推导，正好巩固复习更基础的知识。DD二年级，很喜欢看，我有带着他分析了书里的问题，涉及到分数比例百分数的知识需要讲到，整体难度小学数学知识足够应付。爱克斯探长不光让大头参谋长炮兵团长小胡子将军都学会并且熟练掌握列方程解题，让看书的孩子大人也更亲近数学了~

• 作者：国王KING 发布时间：2018-07-08 02:43:49

  誓约考验的是接受誓言的人。一部短小精致的法律小品。

• 作者：Samuel 发布时间：2013-01-17 23:04:09

  买了一直没怎么翻过，现在是逼上梁山了。

• 作者：不会起名儿 发布时间：2023-04-15 21:20:32

  我记得我买的时候这本书大好几十，怎么这推荐才十多块钱。

• 作者：阅微草堂 发布时间：2013-04-24 18:30:26

  很好的东西，这套系列值得收藏。过了两个月，有点新思考。重整化群，就是尺度不变性下的变换。统计物理学中的概念

• 作者：乌言灰语 发布时间：2023-04-16 23:55:46

  终于赶在电影上映前收到书了。选了24话关键点的故事，大开本，再生纸模仿《JUMP》杂志的感觉。混在一起挺能感觉出井上后期画功的进步。

• 这个暑假读完后做的摘抄

  作者：avaricious 发布时间：2008-08-22 19:49:41

  The population of the world is rising very fast.

  I can't understand why he is being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.

  I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.

  Ow, I have cut my finger.

  The road is closed. There has been an accident.

  The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

  Have you ever eaten caviar?(in your life)

  Everything is going well. We haven't had any problem so far.

  I am hungry. I have not eaten anything since breakfast.

  It is the first time he has driven a car.

  This is a lovely meal.It is the first good meal I've had for ages.

  =============================================================0712

  You are out of breath. Have you been running?

  Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

  I have been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...

  Tim is still watching television.He's been watching television all day.

  Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.

  I've been learning English for a long time.

  How long have you been driving? Since I was 17.

  What are you doing this evening?

  Alex is getting married next month.(Do not use "will" to talk about what you have arranged to do)

  Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.

  I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.

  ======================================================================7.17

  I've tried to advise her but she won't listen.(=somebody refuses to listen)

  I hope Carol phones this evening.

  I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.(After i hope, we generally use the present)

  Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy.(=I know she'll be busy now)

  Don't phone me between 7 and 8. We 'll be having dinner then.

  Let't wait for Mary to arrive and then we'll have dinner.

  A: Will you be passing the post office when you're out?

  B: Probably. Why?

  A: I need some stamps. Could you get me some?

  A:Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

  B:No. Do you want to borrow it?(You can use will you be -ing? to ask about somebody's plans, especially if you want something or want them to do something.)

  Next year they will have been married for 25 years.

  We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

  =======================================================================7.18

  I haven't been able to sleep recently.

  My grandfather could speak five languages.(somebody had the general ability)

  The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.everybody managed to escape.

  They didn't want to come with us at first but we managed to persuade them.

  (talking about what happened in a particular situation, we use the two idoms above instead of "could" )

  I'm so angry with him. I could kill him!

  Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara.

  The situation was bad but it could have been worse.

  You did very well to pass the exam. I'm sure I couldn't have passed it.

  If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner(we use only "might" when the situation is not real)

  What shall we do? shall we walk?

  We might as well. It's a nice day and I don't want to wait here for an hour.

  What time are you going?

  Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now.

  The buses are so expensive these days, you might as well get a taxi.

  (We) might as well do something=(We) should do something because there is nothing better to do and there is no reason not to do so.

  What do I have to do to get a driving licence?

  I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn't take me long to get ready. So I needn't have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.(本不需要)

  ==================================================================================7.19

  It was a great party last night. You should have come.

  It's 10 o'clock and he's still in the bed. It's time he got up.

  It's time the children were in bed. It's long after their bedtime.

  The windows are very dirty. I think it's time we cleaned them.(代表了一种抱怨和批评)

  Do you think you could(not "can") lend me some money until next week?

  Can I have these postcards, please?

  Can I have the salt, please?

  You look tired. I'll get you a cup of coffee.

  What would you do if you won a million pounds?(不可能的情况时用过去式)

  If you were in my position, what would you do?

  If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.

  It would be nice to have a holiday but we can't afford it.

  ================================================================================7.20

  Can I help you, madam? No, thank you. I'm being served.

  Let's go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good.

  I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15.

  The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30 but it was an hour late.

  You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

  You are not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only.

  Mr Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work.

  Jill had the roof repaired.(=she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

  I think you should had your hair cut.

  Are you going to repair the car yourself? No, I'm going to have it repaired.

  George had his nose broken in a fight.

  Have you ever had your passport stolen?(Usually what happens is not nice)

  ==============================================================================7.21

  Unit52~Unit57

  verb后的各种形式变换。

  ==============================================================================

  I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.

  I prefer driving to travelling by train.

  I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.

  Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

  Would you prefer tea or coffee? Coffee, please.

  Shall I stay here? I'd rather you came with us.(When you want somebody to do something, say I'd rather you did sth.)

  I'd rather cook the dinner now.

  I'd rather you cooked the dinner now.

  Do you mind if I smoke? I'd rather you didn't.

  She is used to driving on the left.

  I used to drive to work every day, but these days I usually go by bike.

  Have you succeeded in finding a job yet?

  They insisted on paying for the meal.

  I'm thinking of buying a house.

  I wouldn't dream of asking them for money.

  She doesn't approve of gambling.

  We have decided against moving to London.

  I'm looking forward to meeting her.

  She apologised to me for not telling the truth.

  I congratulated Ann on passing the exam.

  They accused me of telling lies.

  Nobody suspected the man of being a spy.

  What prevented him from coming to see us?

  The police stopped everyone from leaving the building.

  I forgot to thank them for helping me.

  Please forgive me for not writing to me.

  They warned us against buying the car.

  You can't stop me doing what I want.

  I was accused of telling lies.

  They man was suspected of being a spy.

  We were warned against buying the car.

  ================================================================================7.26

  There is nothing you can do about the situation, so it's no use worrying about it.

  It's no good trying to persuade me. You won't succeed.

  I live only a short walk from here, so it's not worth taking a taxi.

  I don't think newspapers are worth reading.

  People often have great difficulty reading my writing.

  I'm sure you'll have no difficulty passing the exam.

  It was a waste of time reading that book. It was rubbish.

  It's a waste of money buying things you don't need.

  I waste a lot of time daydreaming.

  She was too busy doing other things.

  Do you have much opportunity to practise your English?

  I'm going to Spain for a holiday. What would you like for dinner? Let's go to the pool for a swim.

  I'm going to Spain to learn Spanish.What would you like to eat? Let's go to the pool to have a swim.

  The knife is only for cutting bread.

  It is different to understand him.=He is difficult to understand.

  If I have any more news, you will be the first person to know.

  The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 6.50 to Cardiff.

  Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.

  She is very intelligent. She's sure to pass the exam.

  I'm likely to be late home this evening.=I will probably be late home.

  I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

  I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it.

  I was interested(surprised) to hear that Diane has got a new job.

  Ask George for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks.=it would be interested for me to know.

  ======================================================================================7.27

  Can you smell something burning?

  I found Sue in my room reading my letters.

  She is in the bar having a drink.

  A man ran out of the house shouting.

  Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.

  Did you cut yourself shaving?

  After finishing her work, she went home.

  (以上多用于写作英语)

  It was a good suggestion.

  It was good advice.

  Paris is the capital of France.

  Our train leaves from Platform 5.

  Have you got these shoes in size 43?

  (In the same way, we say: Room 126,Page 29)

  Unit77,the的各种用法。

  ========================================================================8.6

  a means of transport & many means of transport

  a species of bird &200 species of bird

  Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.

  Three years is a long time to be without a job.

  Six miles is a long way to walk every day.

  a swimming pool

  a three-hour journey

  a four-week English course

  a three-page letter

  It was a good idea of Tom's to go swimming.

  That woman over there is a friend of my sisiter's.

  It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with me.(not with myself)

  You must try and concentrate.

  Do you feel nervous? Yes, I can't relax.

  He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. But we say 'I dried myself'

  We spend all day/the whole day on the beach.

  =======================================================8.7

  The woman I wanted to see was away.

  The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.

  Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.

  They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.

  Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

  The road joining the two villagtes is very narrow.

  I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

  Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with "T"?

  There was a big red car parked outside the house.

  Adjective like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They tell us factual information about age,size,colour etc.

  Adjective like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us somebody thinks of something or somebody.

  Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.

  Often we use quite with a positive idea and rather with a negative idea:

  She's quite intelligent but rather lazy.

  When we use rather with positive word, it means'unusually' or 'surprisingly'.

  These oranges are rather nice. Where did you get them?

  Ann didn't like the book but I thought it was rather interesting.

  ================================================================8.11

  Their house is about three times as big as ours.

  Ann's salary is the same as mine.

  Ann gets the same salary as me.

  Tom is the same age as George.

  He always says he won't be late but he always is.

  I've never done it and I never will.

  Even though she can't drive, she has bought a car.(not 'Even she can't drive...')

  I'll probably see you tomorrow. But even if I don't see you tomorrow, we're sure to see each other before the weekend.(not 'even I don't see you')

  Ann might phone tonight. I don't want to go out in case she phones.(=because it is possible she will phone)

  I'll draw a map for you in case you can't find our house.(=because it is possible you won't be able to find it)

  I don't think it will rain but I'll take an umbrella just in case.(We use in case for a smaller possibility)

  In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible.(=if there is a fire)

  In case of emergency, telephone this number.

  Provided/Providing(that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.(=she must study hard-if she does this, she will pass)

  ====================================================================8.21

  I regard her as my best friend.

  I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there.(not 'while I will be there')

  Unite 120~127 At/on/in用法

• 关于赚钱的那些事

  作者：朱小蒂 发布时间：2017-02-21 13:01:47

  看本书之前，我读了不少关于“吸引力法则”的书,包括《秘密》《吸引力法则》《遇见心想事成的自己》等等。说来也奇怪，20多岁时候看到这些书，觉得全部是胡扯，竟然没有在记忆中留下什么痕迹。而今天回过头来，却被吸引力法则的强大能量震得一愣一愣。捶胸顿足。曾经，有那么珍贵的道理摆在我面前，而我没有珍惜。还好，现在也来得及。

  这本书，可以说是吸引力法则在财富方面应用的技术类图书。只做两件事：一破，一立。

  首先说破。破什么？破你的内心深处，所有关于金钱的限制性思维和消极信念。一个人有多少钱，是和自己的信念直接相关的。你对钱在内心深处的看法，基本上决定了你最终的财富状态。注意，是最终，而非暂时。

  拿我自己来说，对照书中所说，我从小关于金钱的思维和信念，全部是消极的，不利于吸引财富的。父母作为普通工人，挣得固定工资很少，尤其姥姥家和奶奶家都是穷的底掉，所以一直在对钱的恐惧和匮乏感中长大。小时候父母争吵甚至打架，基本上都是钱引起的，你弟弟妹妹借了多少，你爸爸妈妈拿了多少。在我的信念深处，钱是罪恶的，钱是永远不够的，钱是所有争端的起源。谈到钱，就是恐惧，吝啬，贪婪、妒忌、别人会想法设法拿走再也不还给你。钱会破坏幸福，暴露人性最丑陋的一面。

  按照吸引力法则来讲，我接下来所有的努力，都是为了摆脱这种恐惧。虽然现在成了个外企白领不用为衣食发愁，但是这种不够不够永远不够的烙印，很难去掉。父母的匮乏感，让他们除了定期存款不敢尝试任何投资，于是错过了很多绝佳的投资机会。一直在温饱线挣扎，我父亲一辈子也没想过自己会成为亿万富翁，只为属于自己的一套房子努力，而正如吸引力法则所预料，这套房子，现在也没有出现。道理是：你越想一件事情发生，越迫切越害怕，反而会阻止这件事的发生。因为宇宙只会感受到你的匮乏感，然后回应你的匮乏。总之，我深刻的认识到，我既有的财富观不破，绝无致富可能。因此，要和自己不良的成长背景，深刻的童年烙印，彻底告别。

  匮乏感，还会导致对个人能力的深刻怀疑。而这本书的核心理念之一就是：怀疑是阻碍财富的最大力量。当年王思聪他爸说订个小目标先挣一个亿再说，被无数的网民狂喷。因为，无数网民都认为：一个亿是天大的玩笑，是权富阶层对赤贫阶层的嘲讽，是一个无情的耳光，是根本不能对话的两个世界。可是，为什么没人相信，现在两手空空的你，的的确确拥有能挣一个亿的能力？有多少人真的听从了王建林的建议，订了一个亿目标的行动计划？这就是穷人和富人最大的区别吧，没有致富的蓝图和野心，却有无穷无尽的怀疑和自己限制。连自己都不相信自己能挣到一个亿，那宇宙便遵从你的意志。所以，个人财富的天花板，是我们自己设定的。

  破完。接着，是立。立从三点入手。

  第一，敢想，制定目标。真的先从1个亿的小目标做起。你真的苦思冥想过如何实现这个目标吗？你真的为即将来到的一个亿做热身准备吗？我正在做，虽然可能需要耗上毕生的时间。但是我可以等待。在致富这件事情上，时间的确是我们最好的朋友。敢想，除了目标之外，还要不断的提升格局，包括致力于学习、提升自己的能力，成为专家，拥有决心和热情，敢于放大10倍甚至100倍的心量，放大自己的价值。让自己成为，比任何问题都大的人。

  第二，敢做。作者提到关键的一点，如果你现在还是用时间换钱，拿固定工资，或者1对1服务，你基本没有任何致富的可能，因为时间是有限的。除非做到苹果的CEO，一年拿上亿的薪酬。他反复强调，要把自己的收入方式和结果挂钩。如果你不敢，好吧，回到第一个问题。对自己能力的怀疑，将把你限制在一个层级无法突破。

  第三，意志力。说到底，生活就是一场较量。自己和自己的较量。软弱的自己和强悍的自己，怯懦的自己和勇敢的自己，安逸和自己和成长的自己，行动的自己和拖延的自己。打鸡血只管三天用，天下人大都是如此。意志力是一种选择力，是否有能力永远选择那个积极的自己，是人和人差别的终极所在。坦率的讲，时至今日，我所看到的最终获得自己想要生活的人，都是积极的。他们必然付出了大量的心力，以及咬牙坚持的意志，才能走到那一步。所以，简单判断一个人是不是有成长的前途，只要观察他是否拥有足够的意志力，是否足够积极，就可以了。

  以上文字，用来自我激励， 也用来与你分享。