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Book Description

This celebrated New York Times bestsellernow poised to reach an even wider audience in paperbackis a book that is changing the way North Americans think about selling products and disseminating ideas. Gladwells new afterword to this edition describes how readers can constructively apply the tipping point principle in their own lives and work. Widely hailed as an important work that offers not only a road map to business success but also a profoundly encouraging approach to solving social problems.

Amazon.com

"The best way to understand the dramatic transformation of unknown books into bestsellers, or the rise of teenage smoking, or the phenomena of word of mouth or any number of the other mysterious changes that mark everyday life," writes Malcolm Gladwell, "is to think of them as epidemics. Ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread just like viruses do." Although anyone familiar with the theory of memetics will recognize this concept, Gladwell's The Tipping Point has quite a few interesting twists on the subject.

For example, Paul Revere was able to galvanize the forces of resistance so effectively in part because he was what Gladwell calls a "Connector": he knew just about everybody, particularly the revolutionary leaders in each of the towns that he rode through. But Revere "wasn't just the man with the biggest Rolodex in colonial Boston," he was also a "Maven" who gathered extensive information about the British. He knew what was going on and he knew exactly whom to tell. The phenomenon continues to this day--think of how often you've received information in an e-mail message that had been forwarded at least half a dozen times before reaching you.

Gladwell develops these and other concepts (such as the "stickiness" of ideas or the effect of population size on information dispersal) through simple, clear explanations and entertainingly illustrative anecdotes, such as comparing the pedagogical methods of Sesame Street and Blue's Clues, or explaining why it would be even easier to play Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon with the actor Rod Steiger. Although some readers may find the transitional passages between chapters hold their hands a little too tightly, and Gladwell's closing invocation of the possibilities of social engineering sketchy, even chilling, The Tipping Point is one of the most effective books on science for a general audience in ages. It seems inevitable that "tipping point," like "future shock" or "chaos theory," will soon become one of those ideas that everybody knows--or at least knows by name.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　--Ron Hogan

From Publishers Weekly

The premise of this facile piece of pop sociology has built-in appeal: little changes can have big effects; when small numbers of people start behaving differently, that behavior can ripple outward until a critical mass or "tipping point" is reached, changing the world. Gladwell's thesis that ideas, products, messages and behaviors "spread just like viruses do" remains a metaphor as he follows the growth of "word-of-mouth epidemics" triggered with the help of three pivotal types. These are Connectors, sociable personalities who bring people together; Mavens, who like to pass along knowledge; and Salesmen, adept at persuading the unenlightened. (Paul Revere, for example, was a Maven and a Connector). Gladwell's applications of his "tipping point" concept to current phenomena--such as the drop in violent crime in New York, the rebirth of Hush Puppies suede shoes as a suburban mall favorite, teenage suicide patterns and the efficiency of small work units--may arouse controversy. For example, many parents may be alarmed at his advice on drugs: since teenagers' experimentation with drugs, including cocaine, seldom leads to hardcore use, he contends, "We have to stop fighting this kind of experimentation. We have to accept it and even embrace it." While it offers a smorgasbord of intriguing snippets summarizing research on topics such as conversational patterns, infants' crib talk, judging other people's character, cheating habits in schoolchildren, memory sharing among families or couples, and the dehumanizing effects of prisons, this volume betrays its roots as a series of articles for the New Yorker, where Gladwell is a staff writer: his trendy material feels bloated and insubstantial in book form. Agent, Tina Bennett of Janklow & Nesbit. Major ad/promo. (Mar.)

From Library Journal

This genial book by New Yorker contributor Gladwell considers the elements needed to make a particular idea take hold. The "tipping point" (not a new phrase) occurs when something that began small (e.g., a few funky kids in New York's East Village wearing Hush Puppies) turns into something very large indeed (millions of Hush Puppies are sold). It depends on three rules: the Law of the Few, the Stickiness Factor, and the Power of Context. Episodes subjected to this paradigm here include Paul Revere's ride, the creation of the children's TV program Sesame Street, and the influence of subway shooter Bernie Goetz. The book has something of a pieced-together feel (reflecting, perhaps, the author's experience writing shorter pieces) and is definitely not the stuff of deep sociological thought. It is, however, an entertaining read that promises to be well publicized. Recommended for public libraries.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-Ellen Gilbert, Rutgers Univ. Lib., New Brunswick, NJ

From Booklist

Gladwell, a New Yorker staff writer, offers an incisive and piquant theory of social dynamics that is bound to provoke a paradigm shift in our understanding of mass behavioral change. Defining such dramatic turnarounds as the abrupt drop in crime on New York's subways, or the unexpected popularity of a novel, as epidemics, Gladwell searches for catalysts that precipitate the "tipping point," or critical mass, that generates those events. What he finds, after analyzing a number of fascinating psychological studies, is that tipping points are attributable to minor alterations in the environment, such as the eradication of graffiti, and the actions of a surprisingly small number of people, who fit the profiles of personality types that he terms connectors, mavens, and salesmen. As he applies his strikingly counterintuitive hypotheses to everything from the "stickiness," or popularity, of certain children's television shows to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, Gladwell reveals that our cherished belief in the autonomy of the self is based in great part on wishful thinking.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Donna Seaman

From AudioFile

Why is it that fashion trends change the way we dress? Why do various TV shows, movies, and books become so popular? Malcolm Gladwell provides a diagram of our society, along with an analysis of the strategies people apply to influence and mold its direction. Gladwell describes the personality types that create trends and those that influence others by "spreading the word." History takes on a whole new perspective as he describes events of early America that specifically follow his theories of "selling the public on an idea" and "social epidemics." Feedback from market mavericks further substantiates Gladwell's viewpoints. B.J.P.

Book Dimension

length: (cm)17.2 　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 width:(cm)10.8

点击链接进入中文版：

引爆点

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Malcolm Gladwell is a United Kingdom-born, Canadian-raised journalist now based in New York City. He is a former business and science writer at the Washington Post. He has been a staff writer for The New Yorker since 1996. He is best known as the author of the books The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (2000), Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (2005), Outliers: The Story of Success (2008) and David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits and the Art of Battling Giants (2013)..

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CHA1 流行三法则：当流行被引爆，是因为一些事情的发生让其中1个2个甚至三个条件发生了改变：

个别人物法则（Law of the Few）、附着力法则（Stickiness Factor）和环境威力法则（Power of Context）

1、个别人物法则（Law of the Few）：联系员、内行、推销员

E.G. 在暇步士案例中，最让人困惑不解的就是，那些鞋是如何从几个引领时尚的曼哈顿嬉皮士穿在脚上发展到全国各家购物商场皆有销售。东村与整个美国中产阶级之间有什么关系？

在这些特别人物中有人意识到了时尚趋向，通过自己的社交、自己的活力、热情和个人魅力把“暇步士”传染给大家。

* 六步分离法则：以往对此的案例的理解是，世界上每一个人与其他人之间仅仅六步之遥。实际上，这个案例的实际意义是，某些个人别与其他所有的人相隔仅几步之遥，我们就是通过那几个个别人物与世界联系起来的。

* “我遇见了最棒的人”：如果你回顾洛伊丝的这段历史，并计算一下，就会发现她涉足过8个领域，即演艺、写作、医务、法律、公园保护、政治、铁路保护及跳蚤市场。当我请她本人列出一份清单时，她写了10个领域，因为她增加了自己目前涉足的建筑和礼仪。但是，她很可能是有意表示谦虚，因为如果你再仔细研究一下她的生平，就可能把她的经历划分成15个或者20个领域，但是这些领域并不是互不相干的。联系员的特点就是：涉足许多不同领域，结果就把所有这些领域联系到一起了。（一慕：gosh，这样的跨界人群太赞了！在50年代的芝加哥，还需要靠纯粹的这些特定的“个体”才能组建salon来跨界交流，如今我们有了social network，还能做什么？这不就是facebook，weibo，zhihu，douban，bbs的引爆点运用？）

* 微弱关系的威力：56%的人求职是通过关系介绍，而其中83%以上的人使用的这种人...

任何观念要对人产生震撼作用，关键之处都在于其内在质量。在所举的这些实例中，没有一个在叙述的内容上做出较大的改观。相反，他们使信息得到广泛接受的方法只不过是在意思表达上做出了一点边缘修改，如把木偶放在HUG后面、把大鸟和成年人放在一起、不止一次地重复故事情节和幽默故事、让史蒂夫发问后多停留一秒种、把一个小小的金盒子放在广告的左下角。这一切都说明，排斥和接受之间、能够风行起来和不能风行起来之间的分野有时候比表面上看到的更窄。《芝麻街》的首创人员在费城惨遭失败后，并没有把整个节目推翻。他们只是把大鸟增补了进去，大鸟的参与改变了一切。霍华德·莱文瑟为了让大学生接受注射，并没有付出成倍的努力，只是增加了一张地图和日常注射时间。个别人物法则认为，社会中存在的个别能发起流行浪潮的特殊人物，我们的任务就是要找到这些特殊人物。附着力法则给我们的教训是相同的，也就是说，在适当的情况下，总是存在一种简单的信息包装方法，使信息变得令人难以抗拒。我们的任务就是要找到这种包装方法。

仅仅通过控制一个小组的规模，就有可能在很大程度上改善人们对新观念的接受能力；通过信息传播方式的微小调整；就有可能大幅度地降低其传播难度；仅仅找到和接触那些有着极强社交能力的人，就有可能掀起一股社会流行潮。引爆点最终再次证实了我们存在改变一切的能力和采取明智行动的力量。看看周围的世界吧，它看上去似乎雷打不动、无法改变；但只要你找准位置，轻轻一触，它就可能倾斜。

加入网络的个体越多，网络价值越高。

一个网络的价值与其节点数量成平方比。

当角色模型所占比率下降2.2个百分点，即从5.6%下降到3.4%，黑人学龄儿童的辍学率就会增加一倍多。在这个引爆点上，未成年少女的早孕率就会成倍增加——在未达到引爆点时，早孕率几乎保持不变。

书籍介绍

Book Description

This celebrated New York Times bestsellernow poised to reach an even wider audience in paperbackis a book that is changing the way North Americans think about selling products and disseminating ideas. Gladwells new afterword to this edition describes how readers can constructively apply the tipping point principle in their own lives and work. Widely hailed as an important work that offers not only a road map to business success but also a profoundly encouraging approach to solving social problems.

Amazon.com

"The best way to understand the dramatic transformation of unknown books into bestsellers, or the rise of teenage smoking, or the phenomena of word of mouth or any number of the other mysterious changes that mark everyday life," writes Malcolm Gladwell, "is to think of them as epidemics. Ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread just like viruses do." Although anyone familiar with the theory of memetics will recognize this concept, Gladwell's The Tipping Point has quite a few interesting twists on the subject.

For example, Paul Revere was able to galvanize the forces of resistance so effectively in part because he was what Gladwell calls a "Connector": he knew just about everybody, particularly the revolutionary leaders in each of the towns that he rode through. But Revere "wasn't just the man with the biggest Rolodex in colonial Boston," he was also a "Maven" who gathered extensive information about the British. He knew what was going on and he knew exactly whom to tell. The phenomenon continues to this day--think of how often you've received information in an e-mail message that had been forwarded at least half a dozen times before reaching you.

Gladwell develops these and other concepts (such as the "stickiness" of ideas or the effect of population size on information dispersal) through simple, clear explanations and entertainingly illustrative anecdotes, such as comparing the pedagogical methods of Sesame Street and Blue's Clues, or explaining why it would be even easier to play Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon with the actor Rod Steiger. Although some readers may find the transitional passages between chapters hold their hands a little too tightly, and Gladwell's closing invocation of the possibilities of social engineering sketchy, even chilling, The Tipping Point is one of the most effective books on science for a general audience in ages. It seems inevitable that "tipping point," like "future shock" or "chaos theory," will soon become one of those ideas that everybody knows--or at least knows by name.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　--Ron Hogan

From Publishers Weekly

The premise of this facile piece of pop sociology has built-in appeal: little changes can have big effects; when small numbers of people start behaving differently, that behavior can ripple outward until a critical mass or "tipping point" is reached, changing the world. Gladwell's thesis that ideas, products, messages and behaviors "spread just like viruses do" remains a metaphor as he follows the growth of "word-of-mouth epidemics" triggered with the help of three pivotal types. These are Connectors, sociable personalities who bring people together; Mavens, who like to pass along knowledge; and Salesmen, adept at persuading the unenlightened. (Paul Revere, for example, was a Maven and a Connector). Gladwell's applications of his "tipping point" concept to current phenomena--such as the drop in violent crime in New York, the rebirth of Hush Puppies suede shoes as a suburban mall favorite, teenage suicide patterns and the efficiency of small work units--may arouse controversy. For example, many parents may be alarmed at his advice on drugs: since teenagers' experimentation with drugs, including cocaine, seldom leads to hardcore use, he contends, "We have to stop fighting this kind of experimentation. We have to accept it and even embrace it." While it offers a smorgasbord of intriguing snippets summarizing research on topics such as conversational patterns, infants' crib talk, judging other people's character, cheating habits in schoolchildren, memory sharing among families or couples, and the dehumanizing effects of prisons, this volume betrays its roots as a series of articles for the New Yorker, where Gladwell is a staff writer: his trendy material feels bloated and insubstantial in book form. Agent, Tina Bennett of Janklow & Nesbit. Major ad/promo. (Mar.)

From Library Journal

This genial book by New Yorker contributor Gladwell considers the elements needed to make a particular idea take hold. The "tipping point" (not a new phrase) occurs when something that began small (e.g., a few funky kids in New York's East Village wearing Hush Puppies) turns into something very large indeed (millions of Hush Puppies are sold). It depends on three rules: the Law of the Few, the Stickiness Factor, and the Power of Context. Episodes subjected to this paradigm here include Paul Revere's ride, the creation of the children's TV program Sesame Street, and the influence of subway shooter Bernie Goetz. The book has something of a pieced-together feel (reflecting, perhaps, the author's experience writing shorter pieces) and is definitely not the stuff of deep sociological thought. It is, however, an entertaining read that promises to be well publicized. Recommended for public libraries.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-Ellen Gilbert, Rutgers Univ. Lib., New Brunswick, NJ

From Booklist

Gladwell, a New Yorker staff writer, offers an incisive and piquant theory of social dynamics that is bound to provoke a paradigm shift in our understanding of mass behavioral change. Defining such dramatic turnarounds as the abrupt drop in crime on New York's subways, or the unexpected popularity of a novel, as epidemics, Gladwell searches for catalysts that precipitate the "tipping point," or critical mass, that generates those events. What he finds, after analyzing a number of fascinating psychological studies, is that tipping points are attributable to minor alterations in the environment, such as the eradication of graffiti, and the actions of a surprisingly small number of people, who fit the profiles of personality types that he terms connectors, mavens, and salesmen. As he applies his strikingly counterintuitive hypotheses to everything from the "stickiness," or popularity, of certain children's television shows to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, Gladwell reveals that our cherished belief in the autonomy of the self is based in great part on wishful thinking.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Donna Seaman

From AudioFile

Why is it that fashion trends change the way we dress? Why do various TV shows, movies, and books become so popular? Malcolm Gladwell provides a diagram of our society, along with an analysis of the strategies people apply to influence and mold its direction. Gladwell describes the personality types that create trends and those that influence others by "spreading the word." History takes on a whole new perspective as he describes events of early America that specifically follow his theories of "selling the public on an idea" and "social epidemics." Feedback from market mavericks further substantiates Gladwell's viewpoints. B.J.P.

Book Dimension

length: (cm)17.2 　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 width:(cm)10.8

点击链接进入中文版：

引爆点

• 作者：维林诺的金菇 发布时间：2016-02-19 00:23:02

  看来marketing的书真的很好赚…

• 作者：DJ 发布时间：2012-01-26 15:53:23

  可以改变一点你对世界的看法。相-当-好！

• 作者：mrm 发布时间：2010-04-23 13:31:00

  It actually has made me look the world in a totally different way. Sensitive examples...

• 作者：吃瓜漱石 发布时间：2015-09-05 16:18:01

  plausible - sounding but largely untested and impractical.

• 作者：乡愁 发布时间：2009-03-15 20:44:32

  卡夫卡。/ 哪里的官僚制度都是一样的....../ 这本书真是沉闷而且冗长。

• 作者：More 发布时间：2014-07-31 18:03:41

  例子很有趣！

• 引爆流行：Web2.0的传播理论

  作者：星汉 发布时间：2006-03-16 22:28:41

     原分几次发表在我的blog上，现在整理了一下供大家参考。不过这里没有了链接，如果不舒服的话，请移步这里：

  http://www.xinghan.net/index.php/post/7

  ps：又从网站推广的角度对引爆流行的理论进行一些案例性分析，就不写在这里了，有兴趣的同学请看这里：

  http://www.xinghan.net/index.php/post/13

        《引爆流行》是一本广受大家好评的书，众多Bloggeer们已经无数次的推荐过了，我就不说废话了。Tongos曾画了一张MindMap图对其理论结构进行了概括，相当经典。我是最近才看的这本书，看了两遍，下面是我对此书理论的一些认识。

       作者指出某些事物传播（即我们平时常说的“病毒式传播”）有3个共性特征：感染性、小变化大后果、突发性而非渐进性，并在对此研究分析的基础上提出引爆流行的三大要素是：个别人物法则（The Law of Few）、附着力因素（Stickness Factor）法则和环境威力（Power of Context）法则。

       先说个别人物法则，这研究的是人们传播信息的行为。作者指出有3类人在整个传播中起到关键性作用：内行（Mavens）、联系员（Connectors）和推销员（Salesmen），是他们发起并带动了整个传播过程：内行们相当于数据库，为大家提供信息；联系员是粘合剂，将信息传播到各处；推销员则负责“最后一公里”，说服人们接受该信息。

       内行是指那些在某些领域积累有丰富知识的人。就网站来讲，我发现不少成功的网站创始人都是该领域的内行，或有能力召集内行。比如定位为IT媒体平台的Donews有刘韧和Keso这样的IT媒体内行，豆瓣的创建离不开阿北那“一墙碟、两墙书、三大洲的车船票”的积累，点评网的餐馆点评与张涛的美食爱好不无关系……而且综观这些网站，他们的初期服务对象也基本都是同样的内行们（可以看看这些Donews聚集的大牛们、豆瓣上的书虫、点评网上的食神们），如作者所括，内行们聚集并为之提供了最重要的信息，并开始形成数据库。或许，这可以从一定层面上可以判断一个网站初期创业的成功与否?

        联系员是那类富有社交天赋的人，其人际关系可能同时涉及到几大领域。大家都知道“六度分隔”理论，该理论指出世界上任何两个人之间的间隔平均仅为六度；但作者指出，并不是每一个人都与其他人之间仅存在六度之隔，它的实际意义是有个别一些人与其他所有人相隔仅几度，而大部分人就是通过这几个人与世界联系起来的。比如在IT Blogger这个圈子里，Keso、老白、王建硕、Tongos、车东、webleon、Hopesome等无疑是比较典型的联系员。“一个思想或一种产品离联系员越近，这种想法或产品推广的势头或可能性也就越大。”如果你想更快速的使你的网站在目标受众中得到推广，那就去找该领域中的联系员沟通吧！

       推销员就不用我解释了吧？但我还是提醒一下，不要将这里的推销员跟天天向你推销保险的业务员划等号（虽然后者也是推销员），这里说的推销员是指那些能说服你的人，所以某时某刻你老妈对你而言可能也是推销员。他们或许不是知识丰富的内行、也不是社交广泛的联系员（当然也有可能同时兼有内行或联系员的身份，甚至三者合一），但他们能解决这“最后一公里”，说服人们接受信息。信息能不能真正病毒式的扩散出去，最最重要的一点是有多少强有力（说服力）的推销员在为此努力，让每个用户都成为你的推销员，或许是每个网站都梦寐以求的事情。

       《引爆流行》的第二个法则是附着力法则。个别人物法则揭示的是人们传播信息的行为，而附着力法则则阐述了被传播信息的本身特征；在同等条件下，附着力越高的信息引爆流行的可能性越大。那什么是附着力呢？作者以一系列案例来阐述这个模糊的概念，比较罗嗦。其实一言以蔽之，所谓附着力，就是人们得到信息后，对其留下了多大的印象、有没有采取相应的行动、以及采取行动的程度如何。

       但是，信息时代产生的巨大信息量使得信息的附着力成了难题。下面我结合网站的运营，举一些简单的例子，来说说我对这个附着力的理解。

       附着力的第一程度是对受群的印象。这方面最简单的例子就是信息的名字，一个好的名字能极大的增进信息的附着力：比如菠萝网(PodLook)、淘宝网、265等网站名和域名，无疑能为网站的发展带去如虎添翼的效果；同理，网志、Podcast的传播力也肯定不如“博客”、“播客”。这方面，大众点评网倒是走过一个实实在在的弯路，虽然现在的“dianping.com”并非一个完美的域名，但比起刚创办时的“zSurvey.com”已经是进步得太多了。当然，除了名字之外，信息还能以其他各种方式增加此种附着力，这方面的理论研究也比较多，大名鼎鼎的《定位》理论基本就隶属于此类理论。

       一个附着力高的信息，不但能给人留下深刻的印象，更重要的是，它能影响人的行动。大家都知道Web2.0的一个基本特征是网站的互动性，因此如何通过网站的附着力增加用户的互动积极性，这是一个非常值得研究的课题。这方面，豆瓣无疑是做的比较好的，下面我摘录其网站上的两个提示语：

       –看完欢迎点击“有用”或“没用”，一起决定这些评论的排列次序。

       –你的个人推荐是根据你的收藏和评价自动得出的，每个人的推荐清单都不相同。你的收藏和评价越多，豆瓣给你的推荐会越准确和丰富……

       这种提示在有些追求简洁风格的人眼里看似累赘，其实不然。真是这种温馨、及时的小提示和豆瓣布局合理的信息位置搭配，形成了豆瓣强大的附着力，让用户不自觉的参与到网站中来，进而喜欢上网站，并在进一步的附着力吸引下，成为网站的“推销员”，驱动着网站的流行性传播。

       大家都知道，任何信息要对人产生深刻影响，关键在于其内在质量。但是附着力法则告诉我们，信息如果想要快速的传播，光靠良好的内在质量是不够的，或许你在某些似乎微不足道的地方对信息做一下改进，就会让信息变的令人不可抗拒。

       《引爆流行》的最后一个要素是环境威力法则。这个看起来很容易理解，不是吗？“天时地利人和”，在古人留给我们的这句睿智的环境论描述中就可以知道，我们从没轻视过环境威力。但是，就象东、西方的哲学差异一样，作者对环境的理解也不同于我们古人。作者以更具操作性的思维阐述了对环境威力的理解，并根据环境因素的差异，将环境威力法则分为了“破窗理论”和“150法则”两部分。

        破窗理论阐述的是具体情境对人的行为的影响，进而产生对信息传播的影响，其理论核心是“犯罪是秩序混乱的必然结果”。人们习惯于从内在特征来解释事物，而忽略了具体情境所起的作用，比如“这个网站的切入角度更利于传播”、“这个网站的服务比那个网站的服务更能引起用户的互动”等；但作者指出，人的行为是社会环境的作用，外部环境决定着我们的心态，而不是所谓的事物本质。尽管我不怎么认同作者的这种绝对环境决定论，但不可否认，这个理论有其相当的合理性。

       这方面可以拿大众点评网来做案例说明。03年4月，中国的互联网还没走出冬天，更没web2.0的概念，而那时创办的大众点评网已开始了目前的“第三方点评模式”，依赖会员的点评来形成网站的信息基础；而因为行业的原因，点评网的用户大多是一些网络使用水平并不高的办公室白领，互动的意识并不是很强；所以如果真要从事物本质分析，点评网看上去是很难走到今天的。但是，如大家所见，点评网不但发展良好的走到了今天，而且其模式正在被越来越多的生活服务性网站（和别的类型的网站） copy，真正引领着“第三方点评模式”的发展。究其原因，就在于点评网的运营机制在无意中很好的应用了破窗理论。首先，点评网严格的执行了“第三方点评”的理念，从不向商家势力妥协(至今网站上仍无一个商业广告)，尽量争取每一条点评都是真实的，能给用户带去帮助，从而真正赢得了用户的信赖，并带来了更多的点评。如此对比，别的很多生活网站都在复制“第三方点评”模式，但仔细看看它们的点评，就知道差别所在－－不但少，而且还掺杂着大量的无用点评。

       如何在网站运营中充分体现此理念，这是一个非常值得研究的话题，相信很多网站高手都有自己的一套方式。我也有一些自己的看法，不过限于篇幅，将另文阐述，有兴趣的朋友可一起探讨。

       与破窗理论阐述的相对共性环境影响不同，150法则揭示了相对个别环境的影响－－群体环境。心理学家指出，人们在人群中考虑得出的结论，往往与他们独自一人时得出的结论截然不同－－这是因为当人们成为群体中的一员时，就很容易感受到来自身边众人的压力、社会规范和任何其他形式的影响。作者更是进一步指出，任何新兴的、意识形态的传播都要借助于这种群体力量，当然，网站运营的理念也属此类。

       那么，如何在网站运营中应用此种影响？很明显，BBS社区无疑是其中一种方式。大家仔细观察就不难发现，很多优秀网站所具有的独特文化，大多就是网站用户们在BBS等社区系统里发展起来的，比如“大众点评网综合症”、豆瓣fans文化等。当然，水能载舟，亦能覆舟，不少大社区网站就曾出现过网民集体逃逸的事件。

       150法则进一步指出，群体环境的影响力并不是无止境的，所谓“群体”，它存在一个极限数量－－150。根据书中引用的科学解释，这是因为受“社会通路容量”制约，人类大脑只能处理大约150人左右的群体关系；也就是说，当一个“群体”的活跃人数超过了150人时，群体对成员的影响力开始下降。其实，上述社区网站网民集体逃逸事件的原因，除了文中所强调的管理问题外，更关键的原因就是社区发展太快，使得群体过大，超过了150这个临界点。这几乎是任何一个BBS都可能遇到的问题，而且，越活跃的BBS这个问题就越严重。

       那么，如何破解这个问题？VeryCD采用的停止注册，需邀请才能加入的机制是一个很好的方法（当然，他们还有别的方面的综合考虑，如控制上传文件的质量等），但是，不是根本性的办法。解决这一问题的更好方案是“Group”这种新社区形式。它虽然不一定要强制每个Group成员一定要在150人以下（这其实是不对的，因为150人是指活跃人数，而非全部人数），但其自由创建、自主管理的特性就象一只宏观调控的手一样在无形中解决了BBS上那种由150法则所带来的负面特性。Flickr Groups无疑是这一应用的集大成者，以其为榜样的豆瓣小组也做的不错，VeryCD和大众点评网的Group系统也将粉墨登场。

• 所读所想

  作者：小K童鞋 发布时间：2010-01-04 11:26:59

  1.流行三要素：传播行为、传播物本身、传播物发挥作用的环境。

  2.个别人物法则(Law of the Few)：三种关键角色联系员、内行、销售员。联系员维系着大规模的弱联系，是小世界中的社交经纪，他们不会回避对于社交关系的义务，在维持简单、随意、广泛的社交中获得快乐；内行会主动摄取信息，并想方设法散布出去，是信息的经纪；销售员是完成“最后一公里”的人，需要极强的说服能力。

  如果能够选择一个社会化网络，比如twitter，FB，定量判别和统计一下三种角色的用户，会是很有意思的实验。

  2.1一个小世界中，“微弱关系”通常比牢固关系发挥的作用更大，相识人数多少，基本代表了一个人的社交能力。《庄子.山木》：“且君子之交淡若水，小人之交甘若醴；君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。” 也是这个意思吧，呵呵。

  2.2非文字暗示往往比文字/语言暗示更重要；说服工作往往是通过大家不喜欢的方式发挥作用的；情绪其实是由外向内的，学习和训练基本的生理能力，能够建立起超感染力。

  3.附着力因素法则(Stickiness Factor)：就是信息本身的影响力。

  3.1任何人至少要看过6遍广告，才能记住其内容(脑白金ORZ...)

  3.2有影响力的信息和行动之间是存在一个gap的，触发这个trigger才是好创意。以此来看，豆瓣购书单的功能很好。

  3.3针对施加影响的目标人群，信息的附着力必须集中，尽量降低干扰。(喜羊羊的成功)

  3.4排斥和接受间，能流行和不能流行间的距离很小很微妙，对附着力的界定，很大程度上是违反直觉的。高手在于将信息简单包装，而让人难以抗拒。

  4.环境威力法则(Power of Context)：外部环境决定了内心状态。

  4.1作为灵长类，人对人际暗示要比环境暗示敏感。

  5.社交中的动物性

  5.1通道容量(Channel Capacity)，大脑在接受某些信息时具有的记忆空间，通常是7位左右的数字(1 byte...)

  5.2脑的进化，也就是皮层面积的增长，是由于要应付更大的交往圈子。(不严谨的结论)

  5.3类比于通道容量，人类也存在社交容量，作者给出的值是150。以此可以控制团队的合理规模。

  5.4互相熟悉的人会产生互动记忆系统，建立在对哪个人更适合记忆哪些事情的了解之上。这是一种组织层面的信任和亲密。

  6.转变力量

  6.1社会扩散模型：五种角色(革新者、先期采纳者、早期大多数、晚期大多数、落后者)

  很通用。越通用的模型，越没什么用。

  6.2谣言传播过程中，会不断压缩或填充内容，形成更完美的闭合结构。类比于预言的自我实现，这条可以叫做谣言的自我成长。