创新能力培养 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

创新型人才应该具备很强的自主意识和良好的合作精神。不仅如此，创新型人才应该同时具有继承性思维、批判性思维和创造性思维。任何创造过程都需要这三类思维的整合。正如全国政协委员、江苏大学博士生导师吴守一教授指出的：“在继续强化学生的社会责任感、历史责任感的前提下，把中国教育注重的共性发展、社会本位，与美国教育注重的个性发展、人本位结合起来。把中国教育注重知识，学生勤奋、踏实、谦虚，与美国教育注重智力开发、综合能力培养，学生兴趣广、视野宽、胆子大、敢冒险结合起来。把中国教育强调知识的严密、完整、系统，与美国教育注重掌握知识的内在精神和发展方向结合起来。把中国教育强调学生基础知识扎实，与美国教育强调学生自立、开拓结合起来。把中国教育强调求实的作风，与美国教育追求浪漫的风格结合起来。把中国教育‘学多悟少’，与美国教育‘学少悟多’结合起来。这样，我们就能把创造教育推向一个新高度，促使它尽快成熟，成为独具中国特色的现代教育新体系。”

章 创新能力与实践

节 实践及其起源

第二节 创造与创新

第三节 实践是创新能力发展的动力

第二章 创新能力与思维

节 思维与创新性思维

第二节 创新思维过程

第三节 创新性思维对创新能力形成的作用

第四节 创新思维方法简释

第三章 创新思维开发

节 冲破思维枷锁原则

第二节 掌握创新思维原理

第三节 打开创新思维视角原则

第四节 激发创新思维潜能原则

第五节 创造创新思维的技巧

第六节 进行创新思维训练

第四章 创新思维能力训练

节 经营管理创新思维训练

第二节 创造发明创新思维训练

第三节 人际交往创新思维训练

第四节 军事谋略创新思维训练

第五节 侦破推理创新思维训练

第六节 文学艺术创新思维训练

第七节 日常生活创新思维训练

第五章 创新企业家实例

节 一元钱起步的亿万富翁——卢俊雄

第二节 昔日卖木柴的总裁——蓝妙华

第三节 无本经营炒卖起家——刘恩

第四节 创新港口岛漫画天下——黄玉郎

第五节 利用奥运赚钱——尤伯罗斯

第六节 不花一分钱，净赚600万——西村

第七节 组装市场——热比亚

第八节 原价销售——岛村芳雄

第九节 牛肉饼大王——克鲁克

第十节 白手创超市——饭田劝

第十一节 拿青春赌明天——史玉柱

第十二节 美国百货业的开拓者——麦西

附 创新思维能力训练参考答案与分析

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章 创新能力与实践

创新能力是人的能力中重要、宝贵、层次的一种综合性能力，它包括多方面的因素。人的创新能力包括创新实践能力和创新思维能力，人的创新能力与其他能力一样，需要自觉地加以培训和训练。如何提高创新实践能力？如何提高创新思维能力？这需要我们认真研究和思考。创新实践能力主要是指动手操作能力、实验能力和创造性成果的表达、表现能力等，这些能力的获得都离不开实践活动；创新思维能力是指人在思维活动中不拘泥于旧的思维模式和框架，具有丰富的联想能力和预测未来的一种思维能力，创新思维能力的培养是基于实践、始于问题的思维过程，实践活动对创新思维能力的提高起着直接的促进作用。知识要转化为能力，必须通过实践，知识要内化为素质也必须通过实践，培养创新精神更离不开实践。由此可见，实践活动对人类创新能力的形成起着非常重要的作用。积极参与各类社会实践活动，学习各门科学知识，是提高创新实践能力、创新思维能力基本的途径。下面就实践概念的界定及实践的起源问题进行分析，然后深入探讨实践与创新能力的关系。

节 实践及其起源

实践是什么？它从何而来？这是个看似简单实则很难说清楚的问题。

一、实践概念的界定

王永昌等通过搜集整理，发现散见在各种哲学书籍、论文中关于实践的“定义”有50余种。现将其中较为典型的实践“定义”，罗列如下：

——实践是人们对客观世界的改造活动，或者说是改造物质世界的客观活动。

——实践是社会的人运用一定的工具改造客观事物的现实的、能动的、感性的物质活动。

——实践是人类驾驭、掌握和改造自然及社会的特殊活动方式。

——实践是主观见之于客观的社会活动。

……

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书籍介绍

《创新能力培养》由王洪忠、陈学星编写。创新型人才应该具备很强的自主意识和良好的合作精神。不仅如此，创新型人才应该同时具有继承性思维、批判性思维和创造性思维。任何创造过程都需要这三类思维的整合。正如全国政协委员、江苏大学博士生导师吴守一教授指出的：“在继续强化学生的社会责任感、历史责任感的前提下，把中国教育注重的共性发展、社会本位，与美国教育注重的个性发展、人本位结合起来。把中国教育注重知识，学生勤奋、踏实、谦虚，与美国教育注重智力开发、综合能力培养，学生兴趣广、视野宽、胆子大、敢冒险结合起来。把中国教育强调知识的严密、完整、系统，与美国教育注重掌握知识的内在精神和发展方向结合起来。把中国教育强调学生基础知识扎实，与美国教育强调学生自立、开拓结合起来。把中国教育强调求实的作风，与美国教育追求浪漫的风格结合起来。把中国教育‘学多悟少’，与美国教育‘学少悟多’结合起来。这样，我们就能把创造教育推向一个新高度，促使它尽快成熟，成为独具中国特色的现代教育新体系。”

• 作者：素玄 发布时间：2012-01-31 18:47:54

  她是飒爽有魄力的女子，她是柔情怀善心的女子。她是东皇，世间独一无双。

• 作者：䶮虓 发布时间：2023-02-28 16:09:13

  谈恋爱一定要讲究先后顺序——要把自己放在比对方更重要的位置，先爱自己、在意自己，然后再去爱对方、考虑对方。

• 作者：苏半夏。 发布时间：2021-12-01 15:38:14

  其实蛮正能量的呢，画风也不错

• 作者：女宛心兑 发布时间：2020-01-01 10:12:38

  喜欢它形容所有的感觉，那些感觉我们都会有，我们应该学会怎么处理这种感觉。

• 作者：大晟 发布时间：2023-02-09 20:57:18

  小时候就看过，现在再看一遍别有风味。

• 作者：庖刨の喵 发布时间：2022-05-12 20:20:38

  《爱上优秀的自己》这个系列是睡前故事，很有教育意义的书，1岁半到2岁多，一直讲里面的故事，娃也很喜欢。

• 亲爱的福尔摩斯先生

  作者：沙欤@小号鲨鱼 发布时间：2010-02-26 14:56:12

        十年前一个寒冷阴雨的四月天，我独自一人在贝克街游荡。色调灰暗的古老建筑、商店里满头白发的女店员，以及细雨中边缘模糊的灌木丛，以一种安详沉默的方式存在着，仿佛与一百多年前那位侦探在世时毫无差别。而他本人也站在那里，心不在焉地沉思，戴着那顶著名的帽子，手里捏着那支著名的欧石南根烟斗。——当然，那是一尊塑像。

      和擎天柱一样，福尔摩斯是我童年的英雄。我的确相信曾经有这样一个人，生活在伦敦城弥漫的雾气之中。我甚至相信，只要他和他的朋友在我面前出现，我一定可以一眼认出，不管他如何伪装。这本书对我的影响远远超出一部侦探小说应有的意义。它让我对两件事确信不疑：一是智的力量：智慧可以让平凡人拥有解决问题的能力，也能给怯懦者以面对世界的勇气；另一个，我称之为简单的正义：善与恶并非黑白分明，然而在理性光芒的照耀下，它们将显出本来面目，并无所遁形。

      一直到今天，当我重新翻阅这本儿时读物时，后一点仍然深深吸引着我。柯南道尔不擅长复杂的情节设计，和后来愈翻愈新、光怪陆离的推理小说相比，剧情大多简单。在后期作品中，甚至细节推理这个最大的特色也很少出现。例证之一就是，他的长篇不如短篇。如《四签名》，后半段就是一个拙劣的探险故事；又如《巴斯克维尔猎犬》，多数人将它当作他的代表作，在我看来却是失败的，当然那时怪兽桥段还没有后来那么泛滥。 然而现代推理，尤其是日式推理小说对人性黑暗面挖掘过深，仿佛必须要将那些最丑恶最深险的部分呈现于光天化日之下，柯南道尔则不会这样做。站在作者的角度，你几乎能听到他在自言自语：“这里……这样安排的话也许会让剧情更好看一点……可是，还是算了吧，这个人已经够糟糕了。”——不肯为剧情牺牲简单的正义，这就是柯南道尔的原则。可以说这是庸俗化，是一种妥协，可是我呢，真喜欢这些俗气的玩艺儿啊。

      除此之外，就是双人探案模式，类似于相声中的捧哏与逗哏。这种便利的叙事方式很快成为侦探小说的滥觞，你可以在无数后来者那里看到类似的运用。当然在这件事上，爱伦坡走在了柯南道尔前头。但以影响力而论，却比不上后者。作为“正常人”的华生，并非仅仅为了反衬作为“天才”的福尔摩斯。他激发了福尔摩斯身上人性那一面，藏在智慧与理性背后的同情、怜悯、幽默，当然也有憎恶、任性和恐惧……这一些即使强者也会有的弱点。没有华生，福尔摩斯或许会被写成探案机器；然而这个朋友的存在，却让他真正活了起来。

      如果把小说看做一场完全的推理游戏，那就跟字谜没什么两样。玩的时候兴趣盎然，结束了便留不下一点回想。从这个意义上说，福尔摩斯是可以让人重读的作品，即使谜底揭开，故事本身仍然有触动你的地方。也因此我将阿加莎·克里斯蒂列在紧随其后的位置，而艾勒里·奎因系列尽管推理的精巧程度超过前者，却只好屈居第三。阿加莎胜于奎因的地方，不仅在于故事结构，还包括章节处理。前者善于在每一章节末设置一个峰回路转的情节或暗示，吊人胃口；后者则缺乏这种能力。看奎因的小说，往往前三分之二都让人昏昏欲睡，一旦看到后三分之一，你就不可能放下了，非得一口气追完不可。因此，它更适于推理小说爱好者，而不是一般读者。

      还是不够。这些特点可以让人喜欢上一本书，然而最终让人爱上它的原因有且仅有一个：福尔摩斯本人。如前所述，阿加莎善于结构，奎因善于推理，可是不管是老奸巨猾的波洛、不动声色的马普尔，还是性格软弱的埃勒里，以及有着强烈戏剧色彩的聋老人雷恩，都无法与福尔摩斯相提并论。不，不仅是他们。直到现在，在我的阅读体验中，仍然没有一个侦探形象能够超越这一个。跨越时间与空间的阻隔，打破真实与虚幻之间的界限，他是鲜明的、独一无二的、确信无疑的存在。

      一边漫无边际地写着，一边看老版福尔摩斯电视剧。朋友之前警告说看最后几集会很难受，因为主演Jeremy Brett当时已严重心衰，并在影片拍摄过程中离世。不过看的时候觉得，还好。尽管形象憔悴、浮肿，眼里仍然有生命之火。当他在屏幕里霍然抬头，用炯炯有神的双眼注视着你，你不会觉得那是一个62岁，即将走到生命尽头的老人。即使是有些神经质的动作，由他做出来，也仍然带着一种英国式的优雅。没错，他一定比我更爱这个角色，更爱歇洛克·福尔摩斯本人。

      ——“您在说什么？” “什么？啊，抱歉，雷斯垂德。我刚才在想事情，一件神秘得连我也无法解释的事情：‘死亡’。”

      好吧，用不着解释，亲爱的福尔摩斯先生。当我打开书本，您就在那里：一直都在，永远不会死去。

• 做人做事的普遍原则

  作者：Hammer_ 发布时间：2012-02-03 18:21:57

  Before we commence reading How To Win Friends And Influence People, we should first realize that this book had been written to be used to as textbook for the author's course in Effective speaking and Human relationship and it still used for today.

  So please not categorize this book as Self-help or Motivational book which often be degraded by those who unceasingly declaim how badly they hate this sort of things.

  Dealing with people is probably the biggest problem we face, especially if you are in business. Those principles can apply to all walks of people.

  If you wish to get the most out of this book, there is one indispensable requirement, one essential infinitely more important than any rule or technique. Unless you have this one fundamental requisite, a thousand rules on how to study will avail little.

  What is this magic requirement? Just this: a deep, driving desire to learn, a vigorous determination to increase your ability to deal with people.

  Once you believe,that works.

  “Education,” said the author “is the ability to meet life’s situations,”

  If by the time you have finished reading the first three chapters of this book- if you aren’t then a little better equipped to meet life’s situations, then I shall consider this book to be a total failure so far as you are concerned. For “the great aim of education,” said the author, “is not knowledge but action.”

  And this is an action book :)

  ----------------------------------

  readingnote:

  第一大章：怎样赢得朋友

  原则一：永远不要去批评别人

  很精辟，我们应该转换方式，让他们自己发现，或者用一种温和，婉转的方式，反之就算是中肯的批评也是有害无利

  1.ninety-nine times out of a hundred, people don’t criticize themselves for anything, no matter how wrong it may be.

  2.Criticism is futile because it puts a person on the defensive and usually makes him strive to justify himself. Criticism is dangerous, because it wounds a person’s precious pride, hurts his sense of importance, and arouses resentment

    

  3.Let’s realize that the person we are going to correct and condemn will probably justify himself or herself, and condemn us in return or, like the gentle Taft, will say: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.

  4.每当我们想要批评别人的时候，想想这句话：“I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have”Judge not, that ye be not judged

  5.最真诚的忠告------勿责人，常思已过：Do you know someone you would like to change and regulate and improve? Good! That is fine. I am all in favor of it, But why not begin on yourself? From a purely selfish standpoint, that is a lot more profitable than trying to improve others - yes, and a lot less dangerous. “Don’t complain about the snow on your neighbor’s roof,” said Confucius, “when your own doorstep is unclean.”

  6.每个人都是感性的动物：When dealing with people, let us remember we are not dealing with creatures of logic. We are dealing with creatures of emotion, creatures bristling with prejudices and motivated by pride and vanity.

  7.我们应该做的：Instead of condemning people, let’s try to understand them. Let’s try to figure out why they do what they do. That’s a lot more profitable and intriguing than criticism and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness. “To know all is to forgive all.”

  ------------------------------

  原则二 如何与人打交道---Give honest and sincere appreciation

  1、（有道理！）There is only one way under high heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it. Remember, there is no other way.

  2.每个人都得到赞扬啊：The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals

  3. 赞扬和奉承的区别：The difference between appreciation and flattery? That is simple. One is sincere and the other insincere. One comes from the heart out,the other from the teeth out. One is unselfish,the other selfish. One is universally admired, the other universally condemned.

  4.多点发自内心的感激，别吝啬对我们爱的人的赞扬：When we are not engaged in thinking about some definite problem, we usually spend about 95 percent of our time thinking about ourselves. Now, if we stop thinking about ourselves for a while and begin to think of the other person’s good points, we won’t have to resort to flattery so cheap and false that it can be spotted almost before it is out of the mouth

  5. 真的是这样呢：Let’s cease thinking of our accomplishments, our wants. Let’s try to figure out the other person’s good points. Then forget flattery. Give honest, sincere appreciation. Be “hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise,” and people will cherish your words and treasure them and repeat them over a lifetime -repeat them years after you have forgotten them

  ------------------------------------------

  原则三. 去谈论人家感兴趣的事----Arouse in the other person an eager want

  1.少谈自己，谈大家的兴趣和利益所在：So the only way cm earth to influence other people is to talk about what they want and show them how to get it. Remember that tomorrow when you are trying to get somebody to do something. If, for example, you don’t want your children to smoke, don’t preach at them, and don’t talk about what you want? but show them that cigarettes may keep them from making the basketball team or winning the hundred-yard dash.（销售的人应该学学，学会从他人的角度看问题）

  2.If out of reading this book you get just one thing- an increased tendency to think always in terms of other people’s point of view, and see things from their angle - if you get that one thing out of this book, it may easily prove to be one of the building blocks of your career.

  3、我们的目的不是为了操纵人，而是实现双赢：Looking at the other person’s point of view and arousing in him an eager want for something is not to be construed as manipulating that person so that he will do something that is only for your benefit and his detriment

  ----------------------------------

  第二大章：怎样让人喜欢你

  原则一：Become genuinely interested in other people--对他人感兴趣

  1.If we want to make friends, let’s put ourselves out to do things for other people -things that require time, energy, unselfishness and thoughtfulness

  2.If we want to make friends, let’s greet people with animation and enthusiasm. When somebody calls you on the telephone use the same psychology

  -------------------

  原则二：经常微笑

  1.Actions speak louder than words, and a smile says, “I like you, You make me happy. I am glad to see you.”That is why dogs make such a hit. They are so glad to see us that they almost jump out of their skins. So, naturally, we are glad to see them. A baby’s smile has the same effect

  2.A man without a smiling face must not open a shop.”Your smile is a messenger of your good will. Your smile brightens the lives of all who see it. To someone who has seen a dozen people frown, scowl or turn their faces away, your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. Especially when that someone is under pressure from his bosses, his customers, his teachers or parents or children, a smile can help him realize that all is not hopeless -that there is joy in the world.

  --------------------------------

  原则三：记住别人的名字

  Remember that a person’s name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language

  ----------------------

  原则四： 做一个好的听众，让别人去谈论自己（Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves）

  So if you aspire to be a good conversationalist, be an attentive listener. To be interesting, be interested. Ask questions that other persons will enjoy answering. Encourage them to talk about themselves and their accomplishments.

  Remember that the people you are talking to are a hundred times more interested in themselves and their wants and problems than they are in you and your problems. A person’s toothache means more to that person than a famine in China which kills a million people. A boil on one’s neck interests one more than forty earthquakes in Africa. Think of that the next time you start a conversation

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  原则五：谈别人感兴趣的事（Talk in terms of the other person’s interests. ）

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  原则六：承认对方的优点和对自己的重要性（Make the other person feel important-and do it sincerely）

  The unvarnished truth is that almost all the people you meet feel themselves superior to you in some way, and a sure way to their hearts is to let them realize in some subtle way that you recognize their importance, and recognize it sincerely. Remember what Emerson said: “Every man I meet is my superior in some way. In that, I learn of him.

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  第三大章：How to Win People to Your Way of Thinking

  原则一：避免和人辩论，因为你永远不会赢---这个，偶觉得还是方式的问题，不过还是尽量避免好了，因为没啥意义啊！：）The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it

  You can’t win an argument. You can’t because if you lose it, you lose it,and if you win it, you lose it. Why?Well, suppose you triumph over the other man and shoot This argument full of holes and prove that he is non compos mentis.Then what? You will feel fine. But what about him? You have made him feel inferior. You have hurt his pride. He will resent your triumph. And A man convinced against his will Is of the same opinion still

  If you argue and rankle and contradict, you may achieve a victory sometimes, but it will be an empty victory because you will never get your opponent’s good wil

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  独立一段，关于怎样应对argument的建议：

  一 不同的见解是有益的：Welcome the disagreement. Remember the slogan, “When two partners always agree, one of them is not necessary.” If there is some point you haven’t thought about, be thankful if it is brought to your attention. Perhaps this disagreement is your opportunity to be corrected before you make a serious mistake.

  二：(别相信你的第一直觉印象--适用于异见）Distrust your first instinctive impression. Our first natural reaction in a disagreeable situation is to be defensive. Be careful. Keep calm and watch out for your first reaction. It may be you at your worst, not your best

  三（控制你的脾气）Control your temper. Remember, you can measure the size of a person by what makes him or her angry. Listen first. Give your opponents a chance to talk. Let them finish. Do not resist, defend or debate. This only raises barriers. Try to build bridges of understanding. Don’t build higher barriers of misunderstanding.

  四：求同存异：Look for areas of agreement. When you have heard your opponents out, dwell first on the points and areas on which

  you agree.

  五：诚实： Be honest, Look for areas where you can admit error and say so. Apologize for your mistakes. It will help disarm your

  opponents and reduce defensiveness.

  六：Promise to think over your opponents’ ideas and study them carefully. And mean it. Your opponents may be right. It is a lot easier at this stage to agree to think about their points than to move rapidly ahead and find yourself in a position where your opponents can say: “We tried to tell you, but you wouldn’t listen.”

  七：感谢你的对手：Thank your opponents sincerely for their interest. Anyone who takes the time to disagree with you is interested in the same things you are. Think of them as people who really want to help you, and you may turn your opponents into friends.

  八：给点时间给对方（很重要，很多时候回头看，会觉得当时狠傻，没必要为这问题吵，也从另一方面得出，和人去争论什么，真的没啥意义）Postpone action to give both sides time to think through the problem

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  原则二：别告诉别人自己比他们要高明

  这段狠有哲理，别证明自己比其他人聪明，就算知道，也别告诉他

  That is a challenge. It arouses opposition and makes the listener want to battle with you before you even start. It is difficult, under even the most benign conditions, to change people’s minds. So why make it harder? Why handicap yourself? If you are going to prove anything, don’t let anybody know it. Do it so subtly, so adroitly, that no one will feel that you are doing it.

  This was expressed succinctly by Alexander Pope: Men must be taught as if you taught them not And things unknown proposed as things forgot.

  Over three hundred years ago Galileo said: You cannot teach a man anything? you can only help him to find it within himself.

  As Lord Chesterfield said to his son: Be wiser than other people if you can? but do not tell them so.

  （勇于承认错误是最对的）You will never get into trouble by admitting that you may be wrong. That will stop all argument and inspire your opponent to be just as fair and open and broad-minded as you are. It will make him want to admit that he, too, may be wrong

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  原则三：勇于认错

  When we are right, let’s try to win people gently and tactfully to our way of thinking, and when we are wrong and that will be surprisingly often, if we are honest with ourselves - let’s admit our mistakes quickly and with enthusiasm. Not only will that technique produce astonishing results? but, believe it or not, it is a lot more

  fun, under the circumstances, than trying to defend oneself.

  Remember the old proverb: "By fighting you never get enough, but by yielding you get more than you expected.”

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  原则四：以友好的方式开始 Begin in a friendly way.

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  原则五： Get the other person saying “yes, yes”

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  原则六：Let the other person do a great deal of the talking.

  （这里和上面有点重复了，其实这里有很多原则是共通的）

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  原则七：Let the other person feel that the idea is his or hers

  卡内基是个中国通，他引用了好多中国古代的谚语和道德经的东西：

  " The reason why rivers and seas receive the homage of a hundred mountain streams is that they keep below them. Thus they are able to reign over all the mountain streams. So the sage, wishing to be above men, put himself below them, wishing to be before them, he put himself behind them. Thus, though his place be above men, they do not feel his weight,though his place be before them, they do not count it an injury.”

  海纳百川，有容乃大

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  如果仅仅把这书当做是快餐书，励志书，成功学，

  真的很可惜，

  这书流传这么久真有它的道理，一些自以为是的“读书人”可能不屑看这类书，替他们遗憾。

  一本值得反复看的经典之作，最重要是去实践上述的原则，

  要记住：“This is an action book.”

  2012.2.3

  By Hammer