马卡连柯教育文集（上卷）外国教育名著丛书 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

《马卡连柯教育文集(上)》内容简介：马卡连柯是20世纪苏联著名教育家。本书收集了除马卡连柯教育文艺作品之外的主要教育论文和报告，是作者经过长期教育实践和理论探索以后对一些重大的教育问题所做的理论概括。本书集中反映了作者的辩证的教育观和教育目的论，集体主义教育、劳动教育和家庭教育方面的理论和实践。

暂无相关目录，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关内容，正在全力查找中

暂无出版社相关信息，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关书籍摘录，正在全力查找中！

在线阅读地址：马卡连柯教育文集（上卷）外国教育名著丛书在线阅读

在线听书地址：马卡连柯教育文集（上卷）外国教育名著丛书在线收听

在线购买地址：马卡连柯教育文集（上卷）外国教育名著丛书在线购买

只有在学会用十五种至二十种声调说“到这里来”的时候，只有学会在脸色、姿态和声音的运用上能表现出二十种不同的风格韵调的时候，我才成了一个真正有技巧的人。那时候，我就不怕有谁不走近我，或者感觉不到该怎样做了。

只有集体利益真正遭到损害，并且破坏者无视集体的要求，公然而且有意地进行这种破坏的时候，才应当使用惩罚。

我是把纪律理解为教育的结果，因此培养纪律的基本方法是整个的教育过程。纪律首先并不是教育的手段，而是教育的结果，以后才能成为一种手段。

书籍介绍

《马卡连柯教育文集(上)》内容简介：马卡连柯是20世纪苏联著名教育家。本书收集了除马卡连柯教育文艺作品之外的主要教育论文和报告，是作者经过长期教育实践和理论探索以后对一些重大的教育问题所做的理论概括。本书集中反映了作者的辩证的教育观和教育目的论，集体主义教育、劳动教育和家庭教育方面的理论和实践。

• 作者：LLv 发布时间：2020-10-14 13:44:18

  案例虽然老，但还是值得学习。

• 作者：云璈 发布时间：2016-04-02 23:52:20

  睡眠放映机；物体变换枪；“朋友圈”；消灾解厄贴；GameBook。

• 作者：pretty-boy_ 发布时间：2019-10-13 23:47:11

  平和晓畅，程先生为艺为人，高山仰止。

• 作者：房歪歪 发布时间：2018-11-07 10:32:10

  不能转学吗？不能离婚吗？

• 作者：王泽一 发布时间：2019-02-25 11:51:06

  文字充满理论性和政治性，当然不乏思想的火花

• 作者：噗拉斯蒂 发布时间：2019-02-09 14:55:54

  和需要的有些差异。

  可以说是进步的，讲教育与劳动结合，多元，去产业和质性教育。

  但是寄希望给教育者的责任感和道德，同时抱着作为父母和教师的“威严”不肯放弃，完全没看到对去中心化的反思，教师需要教育也只限于（不少年轻教师）。

  所以只是进步的教育，不是造反的、gm的和解放的教育。

• The Flip Side of Same Coin

  作者：songsing 发布时间：2010-03-01 15:38:20

  I used to be an extremist, I used not to ruminate the options I passed up, I used to reject to imagine how the alternative would have turned out and regret what I chose. But, something happened, and I was changed, and a real world paled in comparison to an imaginary world.

  Since then, I have been plagued by grief. Since then, I have had to live with the sting what I could have...if only.... Since then, I have been spinning far down a vicious spiral - negative emotions trigger regrets and countfactual thinking, regrets and countfactual thinking trigger more negative emotions. Sometimes I feel like being stuck in the deep state of misery which couldn't have been worse any more. It turns out even worse later on. Sometimes I feel paralysed by the acute pain and emptiness, not because of too much choices but because of the consequences of past choices. Sometimes I even wonder whether I am able to arrest the strong downward pull and make a amendment. Silver lining is such a mess-the total failure of my life-trigger my curiosity about the mechanism of human's decision-making.

  I had listened Schwartz's engaging TED talk before, I had searched his book for quite some time, finally I got it. Reading this book is to provide me an insightful study of choice, how we make decisions, what the flip sides of the coin of choice are, what's the price we must pay for abundant choices and what the tricks play in our satisfactions with the outcome of choices we made. It is persuasive and well-reasoned, it is thought-provoking. Inside it, there are some theories and research findings which I have also bumped into here and there. It is interesting to see how popular they are cross disciplines, and how ecomomics, behaviorism, psychology and sociology interconnect to each other.

  Beginning with his shopping experience, Schwartz raised one question: "Choice is essential to our autonomy, freedom and well-being, but, is it true that the more choices people have, the better off they are?" His answer is not necessarily. Throughout this book, He convincingly lays out the following arguments:

     1. We would be better off if we embraced certain voluntary constraints on our freedom of choice, instead of rebelling against them.

     2. We would be better off seeking what was “good enough” instead of seeking the best.

     3. We would be better off if we lowered our expectations about the results of decisions.

     4. We would be better off if the decisions we made were nonreversible.

     5. We would be better off if we paid less attention to what others around us were doing.

  We may all know well about the value of choice:

      * Instrumental value: It enables people to get what they need and want in life.

      * Expressive value: It enables us to tell the world who we are and what we care about.(Choices have expressive functions only to the extent that we can make them freely.)

      * Psychological value: It enables people to be actively and effectively engaged in the world

  However, we might not be aware that we are tyrannized by the bountiful choices in mordern society, that is, we are paying for the growth of options and opportunities at cost of:

      * Time

      * Effort

      * Psychological consequences

  So he coins the term "The tyranny of Choice". To make it understandable, he explains:

      * More choices means more trade-offs;

      * More choices means making mistakes more likely;

      * More choices make the psychological consequences of mistakes more severe;

      * More choices can entail more complications than it's worth.

      * More choices can occupy our attention and fuel our anxieties.

      * More choices subtly shift the responsibility from choices provider to decision makers. (This point is very insightful and I can't agree any more.)

  He reasons that choices are govern by memories and expectations, unfortunately, people is lacking of self-knowledge, neither our predictions about how we feel after an experience nor our memories of how we did feel during the experience are very accurate reflections of how we actually do feel while the experience is occurring. This is affected by:

      * Peak-End rule: what we remember about our past experiences is almost entirely determineded by two factors:

            o how the experiences felt when they were at their peak (best or worst)

            o how they felt when they ended.

            o e.x. intense pain + mild pain < intense pain; great pleasure + good pleasure < great pleasure.

      * Availability heuristic: assume that the more available some piece of imformation is to memory, the more frequently we must have encountered it in the past.The factors affect availability to memory:

            o frequency

            o salience/vividness

      * Adaptation: we get used to things, and then we start to take them for granted.

            o perceptual adaptation: decreased responsiveness to sights, sounds, odors, any given environmental event as the event persists.

            o hedonic adaptation: decreased “hedonic” or pleasure extent to an experience as it is experienced more and more

  Besides, people's decision-making is also influenced by:

      * The effect of framing(Prospect theory):

            o We prefer a small, sure gain to a larger uncertain one.

            o We will risk a large loss to avoid a smaller one. (Loss aversion)

      * Endowment Effect: Once something becomes part of your endowment, even after a very few minutes, giving it up will entail a loss.

  Then Schwartz talks about why and how we suffered from the problem of regret:

      * Two types of regret:

           1. Anticipated regret will make decisions harder to make

           2. postdecision regret will make them harder to enjoy

      * Factors affect the regret:

            o omission bias: a bias to downplay omissions (failures to act) when we evaluate the consequences of our decisions.

                  + in short run: we regret actions that don’t turn out well more than we regret failures to take actions that would have turned out well.

                  + in long run: The omission bias undergoes a reversal with respect to decisions made in the more distant past. That is, as time passes, what we’ve failed to do looms larger and larger than what we did.

            o “Nearness” effect: How close we come to achieving our desired result.

            o Responsibility: bad results make people regretful only if they bear responsibility.

            o Counterfactual thinking: thinking about the world as it isn’t, but might be or might have been, which will provide a never ending supply of raw material for experiencing regret. It establishs a contrast between a person’s actual experience and an imagined alternative.

                  + Upward counterfactuals:

                        # imagined states that are better than what actually happened

                        # it may inspire us to do better next time, but the flipside of it will diminish a sense of achievement.

                        # people easily produce upward counterfactuals when negative emotions triggered.

                  + Downward counterfactuals:

                        # imagined states that are worse.

                        # will engender not only a sense of satisfaction, but a sense of gratitude that things didn’t turn out worse.

                        # people rarely produce downward counterfactuals unless asked specifically to do so.

  He also identifies several other psychological processes that explain why added options do not make people better off: adaptation, missed opportunities, raised expectations, and comparison with others. In the end, he gives some recommendations, which I think a bit repetitive, but it can be viewed as a summary of his points.

  Among all his arguments, what I mostly agree with him is: The choice of when to be a chooser may be the most important choice we have to make.

• 对于结果有些费解（剧透）

  作者：爱爱❤仔康 发布时间：2011-08-18 18:05:21

  在所读过的A.C众多作品中这本给我的感觉是最糟糕的……

  前面的故事情节很好，逻辑条理清晰，情节布置新颖，紧凑，任务刻画的也很好，但是这个结尾实在是让人有种费解的感觉：

  1.第一场命案最后我觉得并没有交代清楚，到底第一场命案是怎么发生的？作案过程？香槟酒谁下的毒？也是维克多？

  2.第一场命案里的那个胶囊最后是否吞下？

  3.第二场命案发生后鲁斯为什么不把爱丽丝扔掉纸包告诉警方？这样不是更能摆脱嫌疑？

  4.鲁斯写匿名信之后怎么能保证乔治就会傻乎乎的做那么一个情景再现的舞会以实施第二场谋杀？只是凭借着8年对他的了解？

  5.是谁给那个演员打的电话告诉她不要来了？电话号码那里来的？乔治连莱斯都没有告诉（并且说了这个计划谁也不告诉）

  6.爱丽丝的姑妈露西拉也是凶手？结尾说的很含糊

  7.整个案子的证据在哪里？最后一章完全是一个叙述，推理，并没有拿出证据

  读完最后的结局不是让我头脑一亮，而是让我两眼一黑

  有点类似“三幕悲剧”总之我个人感觉这个案子最后的推理有些牵强，费解，维克多作为主谋实在是戏份太少，对于他的描绘不是很清楚明朗，让读者很难怀疑到他，而且本书推理相对较少……当然，也许是我漏掉了细节，希望大家能帮我解答这些疑惑。