剑桥中级英语语法 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

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雷蒙德·墨菲(Raymond Murphy)，英语语法专家，著有《剑桥初级英语语法》《剑桥中级英语语法》等多部英语语法学习书。

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e.g.

everyone enjoyed the party.

he is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.

it doesn't matter whether you use MAY or MIGHT, but we use only MIGHT when the situation is not real!

e.g. If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner.

Unit 10.Present perfect continuous and simple(I have been doing and I have been done.)

Present perfect continuous:We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not.

Present perfect simple: The important thing is that something has been finished.

Examples:

My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.

We use the continuous to ask or say how long(for an activity that is still happening):

How long have you been reading that book?

We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times(completed actions):

How many pages of that book have you read?

*There are some verbs(for example, know/like/believe)that are normally not used in the continuous.

Unit 11 How long have you(been)...?

A.Compare the present and the present perfect:

*Amy is in hospital.

But she has been in hospital since Monday.(not "Amy is in hospital since Monday.")

*We know each other very well.

but We have known each other for a long time.

B.I have been doing something(present perfect continuous)=I started doing sth. in the past and I am still doing it(or have just stopped):

*I've been learning English for a long time.

*Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

C.I have done(simple) or I have been doing (continuous)

The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for.

You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work:

How long have you been working/have you worked here?

but we use the simple with always:

* John has always lived in Lo...

Unit 12. When...? and How long...? For and since

A.Compare When...?(+past simple) and How long...?(+present perfect):

--When di it start raining?

--It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock

--How long has it been raining?

--It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock.

B.We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.

We use for when we say a period of time(two hours,six weeks etc.):

*I've been waiting for two hours.

two hours ago-> now

We use since when we say the start of a period(8 o'clock,Monday,1988 etc.):

*I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.

8 o'clock->now

*They haven't had a holiday for ten years.(you must use for)

We do not use for + all...(all day/all my lift etc.):

*I've lived here all my life.

C.We say It's(a long time/two years e...

Unit 13 Present perfect and past(1)(I have done and I did)

A.Tom is looking for his key.He can't find it.

He has lost his key.

This means that he doesn't have his key now.

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

Has he lost his key?

No,he hasn't.He has found it.

Did he lose his key?

Yes, he did.

He lost his key(past simple)

but now he has found it.(present perfect.)

The present perfect is a present tense.It always tells us something about now. Tom has lost his key=he doesn't have his key now.

The past simple tells us only about the past.If somebody says "Tom lost his key", we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.

B.Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present(for example, things t...

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• 作者：粟阿姨 发布时间：2021-10-28 12:20:25

  断断续续学完了，非常有用的一本书。按一天一课的节奏学完一本书，并且按书里要求做练习和查字典的话，应该可以达到出国不求人的水平。最好结合剑桥中级英语词汇一起。

• 作者：thezxz 发布时间：2018-03-05 18:33:41

  拿来查一些常用语法还是挺好用的

• 作者：小橘子Leo 发布时间：2024-03-04 20:39:53

  整本书都是红色的，眼都要看晕……

  sb编辑。

• 作者：António 发布时间：2023-12-29 19:53:20

  课余时间刷完，感觉读英文论文都快了很多。

• 作者：Esperanza 发布时间：2017-08-25 11:09:16

  内容大量的重复和啰嗦。干货就那么一丁点，赚钱头脑倒是让我惊讶，什么沙盘国学班，沙盘写作班，沙盘口才班……充分展现了沙盘游戏适应市场化需要的变化可能，也展现了作者们对市场需求的灵活把握。

• 作者：公子宿 发布时间：2024-03-02 09:36:05

  初级进阶，查缺补漏。结尾附英美语法使用习惯区别。

• 内容还好，排版坑人，结构紊乱

  作者：哈姆谢特 发布时间：2018-09-24 12:24:54

  这本《暗逻辑》是张鸣2018出的书，基于对他水平的信任，我没看评论也没去实体店翻阅，直接就在网上买了，最近半个月才看完。整体而言，这书还可以，如果经常看历史类图书，会觉得本书标榜的“历史背后的细节”很多已为人所知、为人所留意，不够惊艳。不过从补充知识、了解历史全貌的角度，还是可以一读。而且书中每篇文章短小，基本在3-5页，前后文章没有承接联系，所以可以利用零散时间完成阅读，随翻随停。

  然后吐槽下这书的两个问题:

  一、文字排版过于稀松

  本书比一般书大一号，但字大行间距大，一页字数很少，295页内容压缩成200页，绝对不会有密密麻麻的感觉，不会累眼睛。作为商品，毫无必要地设计得这么大、这么厚、这么重，以牺牲读者便利性来多赚钱，有点坑人。

  

  本书(下方)与吉林出版社《向日葵的祭典》(上方)的排版对比

  二、结构有些混乱

  本书没有明确的主题，不按年代排序，不按人物排序，虽然分了五章，实际等于没分，因为这五章彼此间就不是并列关系，比如第一章“细节里瞧瞧晚清”，第二章“大大小小那些人物”，晚清里也可以写大小人物，大小人物里也可以选自晚清，这叫什么分法？特别是第五章，来的就更突兀，前四章虽然乱，但是都是在讲晚清和民国的历史，主观评论较少。第五章则是谈古论今的议论文合集，自成体系，从选材到写作风格明显与前面不一样。附录那些文章就更跳脱了，直接与书名不搭，讲起了作者的成长经历和感悟。张鸣也是大学者大作家了，为出书而找文章凑数，不妥不妥。

  

  第五章自成体系，与前四章明显不一致

  

  附录文章就更直接跳脱，与本书主题不搭了

• 这是一本被书名坑了的书

  作者：潭影空灵 发布时间：2018-07-30 18:52:40

  这是一本被书名坑了的作品。英文名Buddha's Brain, Happiness, Love & Wisdom佛脑，幸福，爱与智慧（黑人问号脸.jpg）。中文版译名更囧，叫做《冥想5分钟等于熟睡一小时》。看英文名以为是讲佛教的心灵鸡汤，看中文名以为是脑残民科写得公众号文章。万万没想到，我看完两章之后，跳起来拍桌一声吼：卧槽，这本书明明是神经科学和心理学的硬科普！！！对作者Rick Hanson博士深表同情。

  全书分为4个部分，第一个部分从神经科学的角度阐述人为什么会痛苦，第二个部分讲述幸福（快乐）的形成和保持，第三部分关于爱，第四部分关于智慧。后三个部分主要结合了神经科学和冥想的实践指导。

  大约因为我的背景知识足够，整本书读起来比较轻松。作者文风也很小白，非常适合想入门神经科学的非专业读者。

  虽然是2009年出版的，大部分科普内容没有过时，也比较准确。例如：历来被人们误解为快乐源泉（伪科普有多害人）的多巴胺，在本书中明确的描绘为大脑的奖赏系统，是让我们产生欲望，预期奖赏，并指导我们相应行为的物质。

  本书的主要观点有：1. 大脑是不断变化的，意识也是不断变化发展的；2. 进化的基因让我们拥有三个策略：创造分离（指意识和世界的分离），维稳和趋利。这三个策略使人更好的生存，也让人产生痛苦。3. 人的记忆（尤其是内隐记忆）更偏向于负面的经验和情绪，因此保持快乐尤为不易；4. 灵肉结合的方式（冥想）可以指导自主神经系统（Autonomic Nervous System）进而激发副交感神经系统（Parasymapathetic Nervous System）感知幸福；5.爱与恨此消彼长，通过共情、同情等方式消恨涨爱；6.通过正念（mindfulness），专注喜乐，放松自身来增长智慧。

  书的后半部分神经科学的内容比较少，鸡汤比较多，我读起来的时候有点排斥，因为冥想、正念等文化传承下来的经验实践，缺乏心理学实证，与我们心理学学者的三观相悖。看完书稍稍有些改观，因为有一部分心理学学者真会专门研究并实证此类经验的有效性，部分文献引用是能让人信服的。我自身也是冥想的受益者，每周三次瑜伽课给我非常舒适的体验，也的确提升了我的幸福感和专注力。所以，这本书也推荐给希望提高自己幸福指数的朋友们，比如失恋的，焦虑的，情绪低落的小伙伴们。

  最后，补充几点我认为不足的地方。1.本书对痛苦的阐述非常详细，但是对快乐的形成描述的不够清楚；2.关于empathy共情的神经学机制也没有写，没有提到mirror neuron（镜像神经元）的作用；3. 没有花篇幅去区分共情和同情，容易让人混淆；4. 正念部分也讲得云里雾里，建议去看专门介绍正念的书籍。5.讲美德的那一部分，完全可以提一提心理学中关于人性本恶或人性本善的相关实验；6. 我个人觉得还可以讨论一下脑电波和意识的关系。