The Basque History of the World 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

Straddling a small corner of Spain and France in a land that is marked on no maps except their own, the Basques are a puzzling contradiction-they are Europe's oldest nation without ever having been a country. No one has ever been able to determine their origins, and even the Basques' language, Euskera-the most ancient in Europe-is related to none other on earth. For centuries, their influence has been felt in nearly every realm, from religion to sports to commerce. Even today, the Basques are enjoying what may be the most important cultural renaissance in their long existence.

Mark Kurlansky's passion for the Basque people and his exuberant eye for detail shine throughout this fascinating book. Like Cod, The Basque History of the World blends human stories with economic, political, literary, and culinary history into a rich and heroic tale.

Among the Basques' greatest accomplishments:

• Exploration-the first man to circumnavigate the globe, Juan Sebastián de Elcano, was a Basque and the Basques were the second Europeans, after the Vikings, in North America

• Gastronomy and agriculture-they were the first Europeans to eat corn and chili peppers and cultivate tobacco, and were among the first to use chocolate

• Religion-Ignatius Loyola, a Basque, founded the Jesuit religious order

• Business and politics-they introduced capitalism and modern commercial banking to southern Europe

• Recreation-they invented beach resorts, jai alai, and racing regattas, and were the first Europeans to play sports with balls

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A central concept in Basque identity is belonging, not only to the Basque people but to a house, known in the Basque language as etxea. Etxea or echea is one of the most common roots of Basque surnames. Etxaberria means “new house,” Etxazarra means “old house,” Etxaguren is “the far side of the house,” Etxarren means “stone house.” There are dozens of these last names referring to ancestral rural houses. The name Javier comes from Xavier or Xabier, short for Etxaberria.

And so they also have their own black cherry, the xapata from Itxassou, which only bears fruit for a few weeks in June but is so productive during those weeks that a large surplus is saved in the form of preserves. The cherry preserve-filled cakes were sold in the market in Bayonne, a city celebrated for its chocolate makers, who eventually started buying Itxassou black cherries to dip in chocolate.

Today in most of France and Spain a gâteau Basque is cream filled, but the closer to the valley of the Nivelle, the more likely it is to be cherry filled.

When asked for the antique recipe for her family’s gâteau Basque, Jeanine Pereuil smiled bashfully and said, “You know, people keep offering me a lot of money for this recipe.”

How much do they offer?

“I don’t know. I’m not going to bargain. I will never give out the recipe. If I sold the recipe, the house would vanish. And this is the house of my father and his father. I am keeping their house. And I hope my daughter will do the same for me.”

Within this small space are seven Basque provinces. Four provinces are in Spain and have Basque and Spanish names: Nafaroa or Navarra, Gipuzkoa or Guipúzcoa, Bizkaia or Vizcaya, and Araba or Alava. Three are in France and have Basque and French names: Lapurdi or Labourd, Benafaroa or Basse Navarre, and Zuberoa or Soule. An old form of Basque nationalist graffiti is “4 + 3 = 1.”

Twenty-seven percent of Basques have O Rh negative blood. Rh negative blood in a pregnant woman can fatally poison a fetus that has positive blood. Since World War II, intervention techniques to save the fetus have been developed, but it is probable that throughout history, the rate of miscarriage and stillborn births among the Basques was extremely high, which may be one of the reasons they remained a small population on a limited amount of land while other populations, especially in Iberia, grew rapidly.

In Europe, this heroic struggle has long been an essential underpinning of both nationalism and racism. The idea that Basques were in their European mountains, speaking their own indigenous European language, long before the French and the Spanish, is disturbing to French and Spanish nationalists. Unless the Basques can be shown to be from somewhere else, the Spanish and French are transformed into the Moorish role—outside invaders imposing an alien culture. From the sixteenth century on, historians receiving government salaries in Madrid wrote histories that deliberately minimized the possibility of indigenous Basques.

书籍介绍

Straddling a small corner of Spain and France in a land that is marked on no maps except their own, the Basques are a puzzling contradiction-they are Europe's oldest nation without ever having been a country. No one has ever been able to determine their origins, and even the Basques' language, Euskera-the most ancient in Europe-is related to none other on earth. For centuries, their influence has been felt in nearly every realm, from religion to sports to commerce. Even today, the Basques are enjoying what may be the most important cultural renaissance in their long existence.

Mark Kurlansky's passion for the Basque people and his exuberant eye for detail shine throughout this fascinating book. Like Cod, The Basque History of the World blends human stories with economic, political, literary, and culinary history into a rich and heroic tale.

Among the Basques' greatest accomplishments:

• Exploration-the first man to circumnavigate the globe, Juan Sebastián de Elcano, was a Basque and the Basques were the second Europeans, after the Vikings, in North America

• Gastronomy and agriculture-they were the first Europeans to eat corn and chili peppers and cultivate tobacco, and were among the first to use chocolate

• Religion-Ignatius Loyola, a Basque, founded the Jesuit religious order

• Business and politics-they introduced capitalism and modern commercial banking to southern Europe

• Recreation-they invented beach resorts, jai alai, and racing regattas, and were the first Europeans to play sports with balls

• 作者：沈十六 发布时间：2015-06-18 22:05:43

  读到了中间，不忍心看苔丝死去。好吧，结局还是死了。

• 作者：半个桃李林檎 发布时间：2016-12-26 13:46:33

  巴斯克语可能比拉丁古希腊语更加古老，巴斯克捕鲸人是哥伦布的先驱，巴斯克人是比肩犹太民族的精明商人，巴斯克省份是西班牙的经济支柱，也是全世界米其林星级餐厅人均密度最大的地区。但是一般人印象里的巴斯克却只是好战的分裂主义和麻烦制造者。到底西班牙政府和巴斯克反对派孰是孰非？这个偏安一隅人数寥寥的民族又何以保存和传承自己独特的文化和语言？作者并不企图完整记录巴斯克的历史，而只试图站在巴斯克人的角度去扫除偏见，去延展知识，去阐述巴斯克与西班牙、与欧洲、与美国以及整个世界的联系。作者毫不掩饰自己吃货的个性，每一章都附有巴斯克特色食谱。好读，有料，妙趣，推荐！

• 作者：GW_Parables 发布时间：2019-02-02 21:25:00

  My father-in-law once told me that the old boy heading Goldman Sachs has a perfect recall of everything he has ever read; well, no wonder he has this pained and discombobulated look that sometimes can be quite terrifying; used mr.K's book as a sample test; the writing is playful and whimscial and deliciously decadent! call me a sucker!

• 作者：国中猎人 发布时间：2021-05-21 17:44:57

  读完，虽然结构比较乱，不是很好来回找资料，但是作为英文世界中的巴斯克历史书足够了，配得上豆瓣级五星

• 作者：prayingkid 发布时间：2008-11-25 23:23:14

  never a history book can be so funny:)

• 作者：Huma 发布时间：2024-01-01 20:56:35

  终于读完了。在漫长的时间跨度里，我走上了这片巴斯克的土地，现代的风景和人文比书里还要鲜活和震撼。2024重返巴斯克

• 我不想说别人是托，但这无比糟糕的翻译也能9.2分？？？

  作者：漂流瓶 发布时间：2013-06-21 00:21:24

  这本书是不是太小众了，居然没有吐槽它的翻译？反正我最近是一边看一边备受折磨，忍不住要上来吐槽几句（处女吐槽）。

  已经糟到影响阅读的程度了！时不时要拿原版的出来对照，才理解是什么意思。

  姐姐，我就是英文烂，才要买中文版啊，能不能走点心，靠点谱啊!

  细节就不用说了，就挑几个标题来说（以下翻译意见不代表我的翻译就很好，只是说明中文版翻译得有多烂） ：

  Context Variable 翻译成 语境变量，拜托，context在计算机领域一般是翻译成“上下文”，虽然这个也不怎么样，但至少约定俗成了，总比这个莫名其妙的“语境”好

  Embedded Interpretation 翻译成 内嵌解释器 ，这字面哪有“器”啊，文章的意思也完全没有“器”的意思！而且你“ Embedded Translation”翻译成“嵌入式语法翻译”，怎么” Embedded Interpretation " 就翻译成“内嵌解释器”了？ 上下两章的译法根本就不统一。

  Newline Separators 翻译成 以换行符作为分隔符，当然，这还算不上错，只是确实啰嗦。

  Delimiter-Directed Translation，Syntax-Directed Translation 分别翻译成 “分隔符指导翻译”，“语法指导翻译”，这又是不可理解的中文，什么是“指导”啊！是灵道来指导工作吗？用“制导”虽然也不容易理解，至少还准确一些。

  最不能忍的是Alternative Computational Models翻译成其他计算模型概述？！！ 文章在此之前根本没提到“计算模型“，哪来”其他计算模型“，而且哪来的”概述“，这一部分全部都是概述好不，画蛇添足地加一个概述什么意思嘛！而且Alternative在这里根本就是“可选的”的意思好不！

  Method Chaining 翻译成 方法级联，这根本就不对，cascade 才是级联，这是“方法链"或”方法链式调用“

  Object Scoping 翻译成 ”对象范围“，这不是“对象作用域“吗？

  Literal List 翻译成 列表的字面构造，“列表字面量”不就可以了？而Literal Map 则是直接选择不翻译！

  Transformer Generation翻译成”基于转换器的代码生成“，Templated Generation 怎么就翻译成模板化的生成器了？能不能前后一致啊？

  Model-Aware Generation 翻译成 基于模板的代码生成 ，Model Ignorant Generation 翻译成 无视模型的代码生成了？一个是模型感知，一个是模型无知，感知不代表是“基于”，而“无知”是压根不知道，不是故意无视它

  标题尚且如此，内容就更不用说了，，很多句子完全就是机器翻译的水准！如果不是翻译们（对，是很多人合译的）水平太差，就是态度很有问题。

• 看虚幻的乌托邦如何异化人

  作者：木泺兮oO0 发布时间：2018-09-25 21:43:59

  丨这篇书评可能有关键情节透露

  @喜马讲书 2018-09-25

  一，1Q84讲了一个什么故事？

  简单来说，《1Q84》讲述了一对恋人，青豆和天吾，在偶然的契机下进入了一个平行世界，最后从中逃生的故事。本书是非常经典的双线叙事模式，两个人的故事看似毫无关系，但其实却有千丝万缕的线索同时牵引着他们，就像牵着天上的两个风筝；随着故事的推进，线也在逐渐收紧，距离遥远的两个风筝逐渐靠近。

  先说青豆线：青豆是个女杀手，经常以按摩师的身份掩护自己去执行刺杀任务。她刺杀的对象都是一个老夫人指定的，通常都是虐待妇女儿童的家暴男。一次偶然的机会，青豆进入了平行世界1Q84，并在其中完成了最后一次刺杀任务：刺杀一个邪教“先驱”的教主深田保。这个邪教有强奸并虐待女性的卑劣罪行。青豆成功执行任务之后，就躲进一个公寓中藏身，躲避邪教追杀，并最后与恋人天吾相遇，一起逃出了1Q84。

  再说天吾线：天吾是个小说家，他与青豆曾是同学，青豆的父母是“证人会”的信徒，天吾父亲是电视台的收费员，两人家庭的压抑环境让他们爱上彼此，视对方为知己。后来两人因为升学而失散。天吾受委托帮助少女作家深绘里修改小说《空气蛹》，也因此被卷入1Q84的世界中，并因此得知邪教“先驱”的一些内幕情况，最终天吾遇到了少年时的恋人青豆，两人一起离开1Q84。

  二、村上春树为什么写这样一个关于“体制”和群体心理的乌托邦故事呢？

  1995年3月，发生了震惊世界的东京地下铁毒气事件。发动恐怖袭击的是日本的一个邪教。村上春树被这个事件震惊了，他停止了极有规律的写作计划，投身到对事件的调查中去。对这一事件的调查结果，强烈地影响了村上对小说创作的思考，改变了他对世界的观察角度：人类为什么要为自己创造出各种乌托邦？人类又是如何被这个看似美好的目标所控制，从而画地为牢、作茧自缚的？他把对这一问题的思考放在小说《1Q84》中，塑造了一个与1984年的真实世界高度相似的平行世界。

  这个平行世界，就是所谓的“乌托邦”，它吸引到很多对现实绝望的人加入，这个世界的控制者鼓动人们成为教主的傀儡，奉献金钱和生命，为了一个虚幻的梦想去残杀身边的同胞。村上春树通过这部小说，描绘出这种体制的可怕和残酷，表达出迷信和高压的厌恶，批判，他希望人们明白，人一旦被虚假的完美世界所迷惑，就会很容易丧失思考的独立性，而把自己交给一个冷漠的规则，在这种规则的支配下作恶而不自知。

  三、村上的这部“反乌托邦”小说，与别的反乌托邦小说有什么不同呢？

  首先，从宏观世界的塑造上来看，村上春树构建的，不是一个完全虚构的乌托邦，而是一个与真实世界非常相似的平行世界。

  平行世界的设定，带有稍许魔幻色彩，但同时却又更加贴近现实。村上是想提醒人们，乌托邦并不只是虚构，不是遥远的未来才有可能发生的噩梦，而是已经真真切切的发生在我们身边的现实。

  然后，村上春树认为邪恶的乌托邦不局限于政府和国家机器，宗教、公司、甚至一些非营利组织，都可能成为这种邪恶乌托邦的化身。

  他以深刻洞见揭示了日本社会根深蒂固的“体制”问题。当人们无条件地服从于某种集体文化，却牺牲自己的家庭与自由；当人们把自己生命的价值托付给某种团体，从没有清醒审视过自己内在的价值时……可能就已经陷入1Q84而不自知。

  最后，村上春树的突破更深一步，他指出，乌托邦虽然存在于外部环境，其实更深的源头在人的内心之中。

  小说里的“小小人”在空气中抽出丝来织茧，当茧裂开时子体就诞生了。子体和母体的本人看起来一模一样，但其实是已经被异化了的人。他们没有思想，如同提线木偶。小小人是意识形态的化身，它不是某个外在的邪恶力量，而是深入到每个人的头脑里的东西。

  所以，要逃离乌托邦，除了清醒意识到自己的处境之外，还要有摆脱那个浑浑噩噩的自己，重获新生的能力和勇气。而这勇气的源头，就在我们每个人的内心之中。