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雷蒙德·墨菲(Raymond Murphy)，英语语法专家，著有《剑桥初级英语语法》《剑桥中级英语语法》等多部英语语法学习书。

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e.g.

everyone enjoyed the party.

he is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.

it doesn't matter whether you use MAY or MIGHT, but we use only MIGHT when the situation is not real!

e.g. If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner.

Unit 10.Present perfect continuous and simple(I have been doing and I have been done.)

Present perfect continuous:We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not.

Present perfect simple: The important thing is that something has been finished.

Examples:

My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.

We use the continuous to ask or say how long(for an activity that is still happening):

How long have you been reading that book?

We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times(completed actions):

How many pages of that book have you read?

*There are some verbs(for example, know/like/believe)that are normally not used in the continuous.

Unit 11 How long have you(been)...?

A.Compare the present and the present perfect:

*Amy is in hospital.

But she has been in hospital since Monday.(not "Amy is in hospital since Monday.")

*We know each other very well.

but We have known each other for a long time.

B.I have been doing something(present perfect continuous)=I started doing sth. in the past and I am still doing it(or have just stopped):

*I've been learning English for a long time.

*Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

C.I have done(simple) or I have been doing (continuous)

The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for.

You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work:

How long have you been working/have you worked here?

but we use the simple with always:

* John has always lived in Lo...

Unit 12. When...? and How long...? For and since

A.Compare When...?(+past simple) and How long...?(+present perfect):

--When di it start raining?

--It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock

--How long has it been raining?

--It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock.

B.We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.

We use for when we say a period of time(two hours,six weeks etc.):

*I've been waiting for two hours.

two hours ago-> now

We use since when we say the start of a period(8 o'clock,Monday,1988 etc.):

*I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.

8 o'clock->now

*They haven't had a holiday for ten years.(you must use for)

We do not use for + all...(all day/all my lift etc.):

*I've lived here all my life.

C.We say It's(a long time/two years e...

Unit 13 Present perfect and past(1)(I have done and I did)

A.Tom is looking for his key.He can't find it.

He has lost his key.

This means that he doesn't have his key now.

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

Has he lost his key?

No,he hasn't.He has found it.

Did he lose his key?

Yes, he did.

He lost his key(past simple)

but now he has found it.(present perfect.)

The present perfect is a present tense.It always tells us something about now. Tom has lost his key=he doesn't have his key now.

The past simple tells us only about the past.If somebody says "Tom lost his key", we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.

B.Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present(for example, things t...

暂无其它内容！

• 作者：S 发布时间：2023-09-19 13:42:04

  这套非常棒！

• 作者：António 发布时间：2023-12-29 19:53:20

  课余时间刷完，感觉读英文论文都快了很多。

• 作者：自有我在 发布时间：2024-02-02 19:22:57

  这样一本以作者亲身经历所呈现的文字，带我们感受着独属于太平洋岛屿为背景故事的同时，也让我们聚焦于更深层次的人类本身，聚焦于人类对于自然、对于他人、对于世界的影响，让我们从太平洋岛屿出发思考更多。

• 作者：粟阿姨 发布时间：2021-10-28 12:20:25

  断断续续学完了，非常有用的一本书。按一天一课的节奏学完一本书，并且按书里要求做练习和查字典的话，应该可以达到出国不求人的水平。最好结合剑桥中级英语词汇一起。

• 作者：thezxz 发布时间：2018-03-05 18:33:41

  拿来查一些常用语法还是挺好用的

• 作者：Palestar. 发布时间：2023-01-10 20:25:52

  拿来晚上学习的

• 这本书的副标题可以是“例句语法辨析”

  作者：Surreal 发布时间：2021-06-02 09:12:13

  

  这套书将我们读课文时没有注意到的小细节和长时间困扰我们的问题都写的很清楚。例如，have something done是请别人帮忙完成事情（新概念3第2课）或表示意外或不幸（口语表达中自我惋惜的调调）。

  以前上学时写英语作文时，几乎没写过短句，但因为只写议论文，时态全部用一般现在时，从句也只不过增加了连接词或调整语序，不容易犯语法错误，也不涉及细微表达间的区别。但在口语中使用从句则不同，大量涉及时态和虚拟语气（翻译软件最容易将其翻译成与实际表达意思相反的含义），尤其需要表达细微区别（夸张、幽默、抱怨、惋惜、谦虚等语气）时，所以这套书很适合迫切需要系统地复习语法的人。

  在工作中，说到专业相关话题时，也只涉及一般现在时。但闲聊时，讲到文化历史、心理感受时，则“直截了当”的表达较少，委婉试探的细腻表达居多，此时大量涉及语法。如果语法基础不扎实，不仅在对话中因犹豫或纠错影响语速，也给交流带来许多尴尬或误会。最近在学阿卡索版的新概念3，以前读高中时只是用背诵课文的方法学习各类从句、固定搭配，但没有把语言表达间的细微差别揉碎了分析，这次学习时在选择题选项的引导下，才意识到其他语法知识点所在。

  例如（Unit 35）：had better 和 should 哪个语气更委婉？——若你在国内网站上查，一般回答都是had better ——然而事实恰恰相反，had better 绝对不能用于长辈或上级，很不礼貌。

  又如（Unit 59）：would rather sb did用过去时表示希望某人现在/将会做某事（暗含事实相反）。

  中学时期学习语法一直没有借助工具书（不知所以然地盲目做题），大学以后没有继续学习语法，复习时借助的是高中时的新概念3（唯一一本留在手边的英语书）上记的笔记。然而笔记不易查询，不够系统，东一榔头西一棒槌，深一脚浅一脚，例句也不够，且只能原地踏步无法精进，更无法查漏补缺。最近孩子到了学语法的阶段，正好需要这套由浅入深的语法工具书，初（小学）中（初中）高（高中）三册，很好地体现了同一知识点在不同学习阶段需要掌握的不同层次。

• 这个暑假读完后做的摘抄

  作者：avaricious 发布时间：2008-08-22 19:49:41

  The population of the world is rising very fast.

  I can't understand why he is being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.

  I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.

  Ow, I have cut my finger.

  The road is closed. There has been an accident.

  The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

  Have you ever eaten caviar?(in your life)

  Everything is going well. We haven't had any problem so far.

  I am hungry. I have not eaten anything since breakfast.

  It is the first time he has driven a car.

  This is a lovely meal.It is the first good meal I've had for ages.

  =============================================================0712

  You are out of breath. Have you been running?

  Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

  I have been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...

  Tim is still watching television.He's been watching television all day.

  Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.

  I've been learning English for a long time.

  How long have you been driving? Since I was 17.

  What are you doing this evening?

  Alex is getting married next month.(Do not use "will" to talk about what you have arranged to do)

  Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.

  I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.

  ======================================================================7.17

  I've tried to advise her but she won't listen.(=somebody refuses to listen)

  I hope Carol phones this evening.

  I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.(After i hope, we generally use the present)

  Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy.(=I know she'll be busy now)

  Don't phone me between 7 and 8. We 'll be having dinner then.

  Let't wait for Mary to arrive and then we'll have dinner.

  A: Will you be passing the post office when you're out?

  B: Probably. Why?

  A: I need some stamps. Could you get me some?

  A:Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

  B:No. Do you want to borrow it?(You can use will you be -ing? to ask about somebody's plans, especially if you want something or want them to do something.)

  Next year they will have been married for 25 years.

  We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

  =======================================================================7.18

  I haven't been able to sleep recently.

  My grandfather could speak five languages.(somebody had the general ability)

  The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.everybody managed to escape.

  They didn't want to come with us at first but we managed to persuade them.

  (talking about what happened in a particular situation, we use the two idoms above instead of "could" )

  I'm so angry with him. I could kill him!

  Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara.

  The situation was bad but it could have been worse.

  You did very well to pass the exam. I'm sure I couldn't have passed it.

  If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner(we use only "might" when the situation is not real)

  What shall we do? shall we walk?

  We might as well. It's a nice day and I don't want to wait here for an hour.

  What time are you going?

  Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now.

  The buses are so expensive these days, you might as well get a taxi.

  (We) might as well do something=(We) should do something because there is nothing better to do and there is no reason not to do so.

  What do I have to do to get a driving licence?

  I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn't take me long to get ready. So I needn't have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.(本不需要)

  ==================================================================================7.19

  It was a great party last night. You should have come.

  It's 10 o'clock and he's still in the bed. It's time he got up.

  It's time the children were in bed. It's long after their bedtime.

  The windows are very dirty. I think it's time we cleaned them.(代表了一种抱怨和批评)

  Do you think you could(not "can") lend me some money until next week?

  Can I have these postcards, please?

  Can I have the salt, please?

  You look tired. I'll get you a cup of coffee.

  What would you do if you won a million pounds?(不可能的情况时用过去式)

  If you were in my position, what would you do?

  If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.

  It would be nice to have a holiday but we can't afford it.

  ================================================================================7.20

  Can I help you, madam? No, thank you. I'm being served.

  Let's go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good.

  I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15.

  The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30 but it was an hour late.

  You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

  You are not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only.

  Mr Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work.

  Jill had the roof repaired.(=she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

  I think you should had your hair cut.

  Are you going to repair the car yourself? No, I'm going to have it repaired.

  George had his nose broken in a fight.

  Have you ever had your passport stolen?(Usually what happens is not nice)

  ==============================================================================7.21

  Unit52~Unit57

  verb后的各种形式变换。

  ==============================================================================

  I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.

  I prefer driving to travelling by train.

  I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.

  Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

  Would you prefer tea or coffee? Coffee, please.

  Shall I stay here? I'd rather you came with us.(When you want somebody to do something, say I'd rather you did sth.)

  I'd rather cook the dinner now.

  I'd rather you cooked the dinner now.

  Do you mind if I smoke? I'd rather you didn't.

  She is used to driving on the left.

  I used to drive to work every day, but these days I usually go by bike.

  Have you succeeded in finding a job yet?

  They insisted on paying for the meal.

  I'm thinking of buying a house.

  I wouldn't dream of asking them for money.

  She doesn't approve of gambling.

  We have decided against moving to London.

  I'm looking forward to meeting her.

  She apologised to me for not telling the truth.

  I congratulated Ann on passing the exam.

  They accused me of telling lies.

  Nobody suspected the man of being a spy.

  What prevented him from coming to see us?

  The police stopped everyone from leaving the building.

  I forgot to thank them for helping me.

  Please forgive me for not writing to me.

  They warned us against buying the car.

  You can't stop me doing what I want.

  I was accused of telling lies.

  They man was suspected of being a spy.

  We were warned against buying the car.

  ================================================================================7.26

  There is nothing you can do about the situation, so it's no use worrying about it.

  It's no good trying to persuade me. You won't succeed.

  I live only a short walk from here, so it's not worth taking a taxi.

  I don't think newspapers are worth reading.

  People often have great difficulty reading my writing.

  I'm sure you'll have no difficulty passing the exam.

  It was a waste of time reading that book. It was rubbish.

  It's a waste of money buying things you don't need.

  I waste a lot of time daydreaming.

  She was too busy doing other things.

  Do you have much opportunity to practise your English?

  I'm going to Spain for a holiday. What would you like for dinner? Let's go to the pool for a swim.

  I'm going to Spain to learn Spanish.What would you like to eat? Let's go to the pool to have a swim.

  The knife is only for cutting bread.

  It is different to understand him.=He is difficult to understand.

  If I have any more news, you will be the first person to know.

  The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 6.50 to Cardiff.

  Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.

  She is very intelligent. She's sure to pass the exam.

  I'm likely to be late home this evening.=I will probably be late home.

  I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

  I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it.

  I was interested(surprised) to hear that Diane has got a new job.

  Ask George for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks.=it would be interested for me to know.

  ======================================================================================7.27

  Can you smell something burning?

  I found Sue in my room reading my letters.

  She is in the bar having a drink.

  A man ran out of the house shouting.

  Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.

  Did you cut yourself shaving?

  After finishing her work, she went home.

  (以上多用于写作英语)

  It was a good suggestion.

  It was good advice.

  Paris is the capital of France.

  Our train leaves from Platform 5.

  Have you got these shoes in size 43?

  (In the same way, we say: Room 126,Page 29)

  Unit77,the的各种用法。

  ========================================================================8.6

  a means of transport & many means of transport

  a species of bird &200 species of bird

  Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.

  Three years is a long time to be without a job.

  Six miles is a long way to walk every day.

  a swimming pool

  a three-hour journey

  a four-week English course

  a three-page letter

  It was a good idea of Tom's to go swimming.

  That woman over there is a friend of my sisiter's.

  It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with me.(not with myself)

  You must try and concentrate.

  Do you feel nervous? Yes, I can't relax.

  He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. But we say 'I dried myself'

  We spend all day/the whole day on the beach.

  =======================================================8.7

  The woman I wanted to see was away.

  The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.

  Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.

  They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.

  Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

  The road joining the two villagtes is very narrow.

  I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

  Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with "T"?

  There was a big red car parked outside the house.

  Adjective like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They tell us factual information about age,size,colour etc.

  Adjective like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us somebody thinks of something or somebody.

  Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.

  Often we use quite with a positive idea and rather with a negative idea:

  She's quite intelligent but rather lazy.

  When we use rather with positive word, it means'unusually' or 'surprisingly'.

  These oranges are rather nice. Where did you get them?

  Ann didn't like the book but I thought it was rather interesting.

  ================================================================8.11

  Their house is about three times as big as ours.

  Ann's salary is the same as mine.

  Ann gets the same salary as me.

  Tom is the same age as George.

  He always says he won't be late but he always is.

  I've never done it and I never will.

  Even though she can't drive, she has bought a car.(not 'Even she can't drive...')

  I'll probably see you tomorrow. But even if I don't see you tomorrow, we're sure to see each other before the weekend.(not 'even I don't see you')

  Ann might phone tonight. I don't want to go out in case she phones.(=because it is possible she will phone)

  I'll draw a map for you in case you can't find our house.(=because it is possible you won't be able to find it)

  I don't think it will rain but I'll take an umbrella just in case.(We use in case for a smaller possibility)

  In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible.(=if there is a fire)

  In case of emergency, telephone this number.

  Provided/Providing(that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.(=she must study hard-if she does this, she will pass)

  ====================================================================8.21

  I regard her as my best friend.

  I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there.(not 'while I will be there')

  Unite 120~127 At/on/in用法