新仪象法要译注 下载 pdf 电子版 epub 免费 txt 2025

本书作者是北宋政治家、科学家苏颂对前代天文学成果进行了全面总结，在此基础上主持研制了一座全新的天文观测和报时的仪器“水运仪象台”。《新仪象法要》是苏颂对仪象台的制造和使用所作的说明，是我国古代天文学研究的杰作，在我国古代科技史上有很高的地位。译注者是长期研究古代科技史的专家，在为本书所撰写的前言中对我国古代天文学的发展作了介绍，对苏颂的成就进行了恰当的评价。本书对于保存我国古代天文学成果、普及科技史知识，对于方便科技史研究者的工作均有一定价值。

前言

四库全书提要

卷上

进仪象状

浑仪

六合仪

三辰仪

四游仪

……

卷中

浑象

浑象六合仪

浑象赤道牙

浑象紫微垣星之图

浑象中外官星图

……

卷下

水运仪象台

运动仪象制度

木阁

昼夜机轮

机轮轴

天轮

拨牙机轮

木阁第一层

昼时钟鼓轮

木阁第二层

昼夜时初正司辰轮

……

苏颂生平

后记

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书籍介绍

本书作者是北宋政治家、科学家苏颂对前代天文学成果进行了全面总结，在此基础上主持研制了一座全新的天文观测和报时的仪器“水运仪象台”。《新仪象法要》是苏颂对仪象台的制造和使用所作的说明，是我国古代天文学研究的杰作，在我国古代科技史上有很高的地位。译注者是长期研究古代科技史的专家，在为本书所撰写的前言中对我国古代天文学的发展作了介绍，对苏颂的成就进行了恰当的评价。本书对于保存我国古代天文学成果、普及科技史知识，对于方便科技史研究者的工作均有一定价值。

前言

四库全书提要

卷上

进仪象状

浑仪

六合仪

三辰仪

四游仪

……

卷中

浑象

浑象六合仪

浑象赤道牙

浑象紫微垣星之图

浑象中外官星图

……

卷下

水运仪象台

运动仪象制度

木阁

昼夜机轮

机轮轴

天轮

拨牙机轮

木阁第一层

昼时钟鼓轮

木阁第二层

昼夜时初正司辰轮

……

苏颂生平

后记

• 作者：Mephistopheles 发布时间：2009-09-20 07:10:54

  将星图那段的图缩得太小了……字都看不清楚了……

• 作者：Bla©kie 发布时间：2010-08-04 11:47:51

  水运仪象台是个大大的萌物。史上看得最慢的一本小薄书....还没整明白= =

• 作者：加菲猫猫 发布时间：2014-02-25 20:49:44

  你妹！！完全看不懂

• 作者：过客 发布时间：2013-04-06 22:06:27

  本书作者是北宋政治家、科学家苏颂对前代天文学成果进行了全面总结，在此基础上主持研制了一座全新的天文观测和报时的仪器“水运仪象台”。

• 作者：No.A. 发布时间：2009-04-13 13:53:43

  突然联想到花样年华~~

• 作者：昨夜星辰昨夜风 发布时间：2024-02-20 13:11:19

  译注者是中国科学技术史机械卷的作者，注得还算详细

• 负面情绪的积极作用可以追溯到远古时代

  作者：麒麟 发布时间：2022-07-17 13:33:25

  

  演化医疗精神学的一本著作，简单理解这个概念，就是，人类的所有情绪，特别是负面情绪，比如恐惧、悲伤、焦虑、抑郁，如果作为一种生存劣势就会在千百万年的演化过程中被自然淘汰掉，但现在人类依然保持这些负面情绪，为什么呢？就是因为负面情绪在某些时候具有保护作用，起到一种“烟雾报警器”类似的作用，就是可以起到预警的作用，可以保护人类的基因得以繁衍。

  

  注意的一点就是，负面情绪起到的预警作用保护的不是人类的幸福快乐生活，保护的是人的基因繁衍。这是非常重要的一个认识。书里举了很多例子，比如两种男人，其中一种男人天天被嫉妒煎熬担心女友出轨而非常痛苦，而另一种男人对女友与别人交往非常无所谓也不会嫉妒不开心，那从概率上来说，非常无所谓的那种男人的妻子出轨的概率就会高，从而这种不太爱嫉妒的男人的基因就无法得到高效的延续，这种嫉妒和因嫉妒带来的痛苦情绪，从演化角度看，也许就可以追溯到远古人类在毫无道德观念的时代出于对自己基因延续的保护机制（书本观点，科学探讨，女拳勿扰）。

  

  类似的负面情绪，所起到的“烟雾报警器”预警作用，还有：广场恐惧症。有些人一旦身处空旷的广场之中就会非常恐惧，这类人经常长期足不出户，但奇怪的是，有些广场恐惧症者也会同时害怕身处在封闭的空间里。探究他们的演化学根源，可以知道，在原始人生活的非洲稀树草原，空旷意味着危险，为了获取食物，人们往往不得不离开自己的部落，进入空旷的草原，但是草原中隐藏着猎豹狮子鬣狗等食肉动物，人们恐惧被这些猛兽突如其来的背后袭击而丧命，这种心理警示作用，深深烙印在人类的内心，遗传到今天，所以会有广场恐惧症，而这类人之所以会同时惧怕封闭空间，也跟猛兽有关，人们在逃跑的时候如果躲进了只有一个出口的封闭空间，无意义跑进了死胡同，猛兽来了必死无疑，这跟广场恐惧症的心理原理是一样的。

  

  类似的心理“烟雾报警器”机制的负面情绪还有很多，比如，惧怕蛇、鼠、蜘蛛，恐高症，人绝望痛苦时蜷缩的身体，士兵的创伤后应激障碍，广泛性焦虑症，社交焦虑，疑病症，晕针，等等等等。

  演化心理学与佛洛依德的心理学，有相似之处，但也有非常明显的区别，比如广场恐惧症，在佛洛依德的角度来说，是因为惧怕，身处人群中，忍不住想放飞自我随便与人发生啪啪啪的心理造成的广场恐惧，但演化心理学就是从远古非洲大草原防备掠食猛兽角度的来解释的；同样，还有比如动物，也会有类似的反应，长尾黑鄂猴，它们的雄性猴子在输给其他雄猴子而丧失交配权之前，睾丸一直是蓝色的，一旦雄猴输了，就会蜷缩一团、摇摆退缩、表现沮丧，睾丸也会变成灰绿色。。。这种被成为“非自愿投降”的生物反应，是为了向获胜的猴子表明自己放弃了竞争，自己不会造成威胁，（蛋都废了），从而逃脱新任雄猴统治者的继续攻击。。这与佛洛依德的“阉割焦虑”非常类似，但根源理解上是有区别的。

  

  我觉得这本书的价值，就在于给人们一个新的思考方向，一直以来，

  “自然界中的一切事物都有两种解释。其中一种常见的解释方法是描述身体的各种机制及其运作方式，生物学家称其为近因解释（proximateexplanations）。另一种解释方法则是描述如何形成这些机制，生物学家称其为演化解释或终极因解释（evolutionary or ultimateexplanations）。我们所受的医学教育都是关于生物学的近因解释（即描述各种机制），完全没有涉及演化解释（即这些机制如何形成）。”

  ，而演化精神学角度来分析这些负面情绪，可以对近因解释提供一种必要的补充。简单来说，传统面对精神问题和负面情绪，都是当做一种病态来研究，但很少有人探究这些负面情绪经过人类进化一直保留至今所起到的积极作用，就像“烟雾报警器”，炒菜时候偶尔也会失灵报警，但如果真正有火灾，它就会起到真正的作用价值，负面情绪有它存在的意义，这种方向的研究，是对传统心理学的一种有效补充和进步。

  

  这本书的封面非常的漂亮，书名也非常的可爱《给坏情绪一个好理由》，说实话刚开始我还以为是一本蠢萌无脑的心灵鸡汤书。。。当翻开书的第一页，看到那个“O”的时候，我就震惊了，这是湖南科技的iForce原力系列书籍，原力系列就没有什么呆萌无脑的书，都是非常有学术含量的前沿科学类科普书籍，一定不简单，于是认真读起来，收获果然很多，不错。

  

• My life was just fine, thanks

  作者：芝麻小元宵 发布时间：2015-06-11 22:41:59

  You only get one life. It’s actually your duty to live it as fully as possible. ——Will Traynor

  I was a tornado of feelings when I finished “Me Before You". Without a doubt, I loved every bit of it. I just felt that my words couldn’t do it justice. This is a book about life and death, love and friendship, full of interesting topics which can be definitely dug deeper, such as the legitimacy of euthanasia. But what made me the most intense impression were Will’s remarks on the quality of life. He was talking to Clark, but every inside of me just felt seen through, like he was standing right in front of me, like the last veil of cowardice was lifted off, like the true me couldn’t stay hidden any more in my comfort zone.

  “I cannot for the life of me see how you can be content to live this tiny life. This life that will take place almost entirely within a five-mile radius and contain nobody who will ever surprise you or push you or show you things that will leave your head spinning and unable to sleep at night.”

  Before the accident, Will was a talented, successful young man seeking adventures in his whole life. He was never tired of trying new things. He enjoyed a vibrant personality. But then, life turned a most unexpected twist. Being a quadriplegic, his life stooped to a miserable existence. Yes, he merely existed. Armchair and bed, that’s where he was confined to and how he accepted whatever the fate prepared for him. He lived in the castle, isolated from the rest of the world.

  Not living far from him, a girl named Lou Clark was striving for her livelihood. Just lost a job at a café, she was desperate for a new one, despite how peculiar the job description sounded. She started to be the caretaker for Will for the next 6 months. On reading the book, I came to realize why the family only asked for such a short period when obviously a job like this requested long-time attention. How could I be so blind to dismiss something so unusual?

  It turned out that Will and his parents made a deal. For their sake, he would hang on in there for half a year, and then he would go suicide, with the help of them. I was totally shocked when I read it. How could a parent do such a thing? How could they end their son’s life like this? But on the other hand, I kind of understood their decision. It was hard when you see your family was tortured and with their condition only getting worse. When they beg you to help them die for that they are even deprived of that capacity, what can you do? It’s like their living only makes you feel better, but doesn’t do them any good.

  Will’s mom still harbored hope that Will might change his mind during these 6 months. And it seemed that Clark was her biggest chance. Bitter and sarcastic at first, Will came to grow very fond of Clark. He talked, laughed, almost looked like the person before the accident. For Clark, she cared deeply about Will and would do anything to make him abandon his death wish. She even elaborated a calendar of adventures to plan trips for Will. But all her efforts were in vain. Clark got that any one under such circumstance would suffer greatly, but she always thought that there had to be a way to live differently.

  However, even Will could do some of the things proposed by Clark, he didn’t want to. “I want to be in Paris as me, the old me. I want to sit in a chair, leaning back, my favorite clothes on, with pretty French girls who pass by giving me the eye just as they would any other man sitting there. Not looking away hurriedly when they realize I’m a man in an overgrown bloody pram.” When Will confessed that he would still take his own life, I felt really sad for them both. I could imagine how astonished Clark was and how sad and also relieved Will was.

  Clark was a simple girl with limited social circles, but Will saw more about her. “Maybe I wanted you to hear it. I wanted you to think about what you’re doing…It’s not enough for you to sit on your arse for the rest of your life…You’re going to feel uncomfortable in your new world for a bit. It always does feel strange to be knocked out of your comfort zone. But I hope you feel a bit exhilarated too. Your face when you came back from diving that time told me everything; there is a hunger in you, Clark. A fearlessness. You just buried it, like most people do.”

  Of course Clark felt irritated at first. That’s the normal reaction when something true turns up against you, obviously unpleasant to hear. So Will shared his own experience. “There wasn’t much time left after work, but I tried to do something every day. I did rock climbing at an indoor centre, and squash, and I went to concerts, and tried new restaurants. And I went running. And I tried to learn new languages for places I thought I might visit one day. And I saw my friends. And I planned trips. I looked for places I’d never been, things that would frighten me or push me to my limit. I swam the Channel once. I went paragliding. I walked up mountains and skied down them again.

  Yes, I know a lot of these need money, but a lot of them don’t. And besides, how do you think I made money? I worked out what would make me happy, and I worked out what I wanted to do, and I trained myself to do the job that would make those two things happen. It is simple. The thing is, it’s also a lot of hard work. And people don’t want to put in a lot of work.”

  That’s hit the nail on the head. And I’ve never figured out how I am supposed to live my life, what I want to do, what makes me happy, what I should pursue. I tried so little that I can’t frame an answer from those limited possibilities. I remembered reading this from another book. If you don’t know how to live, then use a ready-made, narrow and utilitarian mindset, which is how to make fast money and become famous to the best of your ability, to put it in a better way, is the so-called dream and responsibility.

  But I don’t even make to that category, because it also requires a lot of work. If you don’t know how to live, then live by social standards. That answer is not enough. I like Will’s passion for his life, a harmonious combination of personal pursuit and social acknowledgement. Clark couldn’t help but ask him if he preferred not to have those experiences for what had happened to him. Will’s answer was ardent and firm.

  “I will never, ever regret the things I’ve done. Because most days, if you are stuck in one of these, all you have are the places in your memory that you can go to. So if you’re asking me would I rather be reminiscing about the view of the castle from the minimart, or that lovely row of shops down off the roundabout, then, no. My life was just fine, thanks.”

  I cannot describe how I felt when I read these comments. A pang of excitement and guilt was running fervently towards me. I wrote them down in my notebook as a reminder. Clark gradually changed. There was a different air about her. She became more confident and assertive. I couldn’t wait to see what she did with her life in the second book. For now, I read again those words and let them sink in. I still haven’t figured out how to do it, but to think differently, may lead to a different result.